GOMO Community Updates: Investments in Ocean Carbon Observing, a New Data Manager & More!

The GOMO Observer
Summer 2024
Message from the Director
How much longer will ocean warming be “unprecedented”? In 2024, we find ourselves again noting the anomalously warm conditions in the global ocean. Now in our 16th
month of record-setting (i.e. unprecedented) global sea surface temperatures, the warming has shifted to the extratropics - in part due to a weakening of El Niño conditions - especially in the northern Atlantic and Pacific. We don’t have answers to account for all the warming, but I’m confident in time we will learn more about the ocean’s role in earth-system processes leading to this warming, thanks to global ocean observing by GOMO and our partners. More importantly, we have the opportunity to assess the impacts of this warming, for example the above average Hurricane Seasonal Outlook and earliest Category 5 Atlantic hurricane (Beryl) on record.
Many thanks for your patience and cooperation in preparing and submitting work plans for FY24. It’s been an exceptionally challenging year adjusting to new financial and grants systems, which has led to complications and delays at every step in the awards process. NOAA and GOMO are working many extra hours to get as many of these awards to our PIs as quickly as possible. If you have questions and/or concerns about the awards process, please contact your program manager.
Lastly, GOMO continues to adjust our staffing in response to departures and NOAA direction, particularly towards our administration needs. Please welcome our newest recruits: more are on the way.
Have a fantastic summer!
David Legler
GOMO Director
Upcoming Events & Important Dates
Check out our new
Events webpage
to stay up to date!
•
OceanHackWeek 2024
:
Aug. 26-30, East Boothbay, Maine & Sydney, Australia. GOMO DEIA funding will support travel expenses for approximately 30 participants, and GOMO Arctic Research Program manager Cindy Garcia is part of this year’s organizing committee. OHW24 activities include hands-on tutorials, visual presentations, and collaborative projects focused on oceanographic and fisheries data science.
•
NOAA NESDIS Oceans & Water Satellite Symposium
will host a webinar on
GeoXO
and the future of hyperspectral ocean color on July 29 from 11am - 4pm ET. All who are interested in remote sensing as a tool for monitoring the health of oceans, estuaries, lakes and rivers are encouraged to attend!
Review the agenda
and
register to attend
today!
•
AGU 2024 Fall Meeting:
December 9-13, Washington, D.C. GOMO Arctic Research Program will convene several icy sessions, including
C007
: Breaking the Ice: Advancing FAIR and CARE Data Principles in Polar Research;
C014
: Emerging and New Technologies in Polar Ocean Observing  (primary convener: Cindy Garcia); and
C043
: Weaving Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility into the fabric of Polar Sciences (primary convener: Alie Lepp).
Program Updates
GOMO Welcomes New Program Manager for Data Strategy, Melissa Smuck
Welcome
Melissa Smuck
, who joins GOMO as the new Data Strategy Program Manager. In her new role, Melissa is excited to help foster greater program-wide consistency, interoperability, and accessibility of data to ultimately support improved data-driven decision making. She comes to GOMO with experience in marine and coastal science and policy.  In her free time, Melissa enjoys spending time with her family and her three dogs, cooking, painting, playing tennis, and being in nature. Welcome to GOMO, Melissa!
GOMO Bids Farewell to Brittany Croll
GOMO bid farewell to program manager Brittany Croll after over four years with the program. During Brittany’s time with GOMO, she focused on international ocean and climate policy including UNFCCC where she advocated for inclusion of science and observing into the Paris Agreement. She also led NOAA’s initial engagement in
GOOS-MTS Dialogue with Industry
. Most recently, she completed a year-long detail as the advisor to the NOAA Chief Scientist, Dr. Sarah Kapnick. Brittany has since stepped into her new role as a Senior Program Officer in the Climate, Environment, and Conflict program with the
U.S. Institute of Peace
. GOMO is grateful for Brittany’s amazing contributions to our team and wishes her all the best in her next chapter!
GOMO's Cheyenne Steinbarger Strengthening and Building Partnerships in Korea
GOMO program manager Cheyenne Steinbarger traveled to Busan and Seoul, South Korea, to participate in the 2024 Korea-US Joint Project Agreement Ocean Research Panel workshop. The goal of the workshop, held from June 24-28, was to facilitate collaboration and build new partnerships between researchers across the US and Korea. Topics discussed during the workshop included ocean acidification, ocean exploration, tropical cyclones, fisheries, climate variability, and others.
GOMO Arctic Research Program Hosts Quarterly OAR Arctic-All Hands Meeting
GOMO Arctic Research Program (ARP) hosted the quarterly NOAA Research Arctic All-Hands meeting on June 14, which brought together over 40 participants from NOAA labs and programs to share updates and hear research presentations on the theme “Improving Predictions of Arctic Sea Ice Across Timescales.” The meeting was facilitated by GOMO-ARP Knauss Fellow Alie Lepp and was chaired by NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab researcher Mitch Bushuk. The next Arctic All-Hands is scheduled for Friday, September 13. Contact Alie Lepp (
allison.lepp@noaa.gov
) with any questions.
GOMO News
Biden-Harris Administration invests $2.1 million for measuring surface ocean carbon through the Investing in America agenda
May 31, 2024
Funding will expand observations, improve forecasting of carbon dioxide levels in the ocean surface and atmosphere This is a repost of a NOAA.gov press release published May 30, 2024. Today, the Department of Commerce and NOAA announced the award of $2.1 million to support surface ocean and…
Read more...
Floating ice, freezing temperatures: Four facts about the I08S GO-SHIP cruise to Antarctica
May 6, 2024
This is a repost of NOAA AOML’soriginal story published May 2, 2024. Floating ice, freezing temperatures, and streaks of lights in the night sky. Traversing from Fremantle, Australia to Antarctica’s Prydz Bay and back again, the crew aboard theR/V Thomas G. Thompsonsuccessfully concluded the I08S GO-SHIP cruise…
Read more...
Crossing the Equator and Navigating Icebergs: The A13.5 GO-SHIP cruise Returns After 52 Days At Sea
May 2, 2024
This is a repost of NOAA AOML’s original story published April 22, 2024. Wind, waves, and icebergs pierced through morning fog – the A13.5 GO-SHIP cruise proved both tumultuous and rewarding with vast amounts of new data that bring the promise of groundbreaking future research. After 52…
Read more...
Read more
GOMO News
on our website. Have news to share? Contact our Communications Specialist,
jessica.mkitarian@noaa.gov
or use our
News Reporting Form
.
Ocean Carbon Program Updates
•
The
Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2024
was released on June 19. This latest version contains 38.6 million, quality-controlled, in situ surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of CO2) measurements collected between 1957 and 2023.
SOCAT
is an open access community-led international synthesis of surface ocean fCO2  measurements collected from ships, moorings, and autonomous surface vehicles across the globe. Over 100 members of the international ocean carbon community contribute to SOCAT, including several scientists supported by GOMO. Stay tuned for an upcoming GOMO web story all about SOCAT version 2024.
•
Program manager Alyse Larkin served on the
eDNA Task Team and was a contributing author for the recently published OSTP report, “
National Aquatic Environmental DNA Strategy
.” The strategy creates a pathway to standardize, systematize, and share eDNA data and methods widely across public and private entities.
•
Program managers Alyse Larkin and Kathy Tedesco, and Knauss Fellow Kyla Kelly, attended the
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Summer Workshop
held in Woods Hole, MA
June 10-13. GOMO provided travel support for over 15 additional workshop participants. Kyla and Samantha Clevenger (Knauss Fellow,
OAP
) delivered the NOAA Agency Update, and Kyla provided an overview of GOMO’s ocean carbon and biogeochemistry activities over the past year. During the Science Steering Committee which followed the workshop, Kyla presented a preliminary outline for the NOAA Research Ocean Carbon Observing Strategic Plan.
•
GOMO is leading the development of a public facing
NOAA Research Ocean Carbon Observing Strategic Plan
, with support from the
Ocean Acidification Program (OAP)
. This document will outline NOAA Research’s goals related to ocean carbon observing and set priorities for the next 5 years. Topics to be addressed include ocean carbon uptake and storage, ocean acidification, air-sea carbon flux, data synthesis and analysis, model and product development, and marine carbon dioxide removal. The Strategic Plan is being written by an Executive Steering Committee composed of representatives across NOAA labs and programs. Feedback will be solicited from NOAA and interagency working groups as well as from key academic and international partners this fall. Please keep an eye on GOMO's updated
Ocean Carbon Network page
for further details and updates.
News Around NOAA
'Twisters' movie: NOAA tornado science and staff behind the scenes
Ocean Month: Discovering our ocean through monitoring, observation, and exploration
U.S. just had its 2nd-warmest June amid several record-setting heat waves
High temperatures on the move: What's your heat risk? This tool can help.
GOES-U satellite reaches geostationary orbit, now designated GOES-19
WATCH:
Hurricane Beryl’s first four days
LISTEN:
Planet NOAA Podcast Episode 6: Jaws
ICYMI: In Case You Missed It!
On July 17, Science published a story on the RAMA array, "
Critical to forecasting monsoons, broken Indian Ocean monitoring system set to be resurrected
." NOAA scientist Mike McPhaden is quoted explaining the importance of the data from this moored buoy array in the Indian Ocean, much of which has been lost since the pandemic. With two cruises going out this year, the array is expected to return to 50% strength, a feat compared to just 2% at the end of 2022, and with a ways to go to get back to pre-pandemic levels. Stay tuned for an upcoming GOMO web story about these cruises.
GOMO Knauss Fellows Alie Lepp, Kyla Kelly, and Director David Legler attended the OAR Summerfest on June 26. Alie and Kyla were tasked with judging the Creative Cookie and Creative Salad competitions, along with new
NOAA Research Deputy Assistant Administrator John Cortinas
and Suzi Webster from the NOAA Technology Partnerships Office. Other highlights include giant Jenga and cornhole tournaments, and meeting NOAA therapy dog Ember. Despite the heat, Summerfest was a successful (and delicious!) team-building event.
Community Spotlight
On June 26, GOMO-ARP program manager Cindy Garcia gave an invited talk at the
Korea-American Student Conference
(KASC). The KASC is a three-week academic and cultural interchange program for competitively selected students from the US and South Korea to discuss the future of a bilateral relationship between the nations. Cindy’s presentation focused on the state of the environment in the Arctic, the work of GOMO-ARP, and the joint project agreement between NOAA and the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries in South Korea.
From May 13 to 14, GOMO’s program administrator and
Adopt a Drifter Program
coordinator Elizabeth Swiney went to sea for the first time as part of the
Western Boundary Time Series research program
. Along with AOML scientists and communications staff, Liz deployed four drifters, nine CTDs, and two moorings in the Straits of Florida.
GOMO's mission is to provide and support high quality global ocean observations and research to improve our scientific understanding and inform society about the ocean's role in environmental change.
Thank you for being a part of the GOMO Community.
NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program
1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910
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Past Events
GOMO leads and attends the 14th Global Ocean Observing System Steering Committee Meeting
02/19/2025
- 02/25/2025
Paris, France
Event Website
More Info
Arctic Research Program presents at annual Arctic Marine Science Symposium
01/27/2025
- 01/31/2025
Anchorage, AK
Event Website
More Info
Two decades of the NOAA Arctic Report Card: history, reflections, and next steps
01/15/2025
- 01/15/2024
Event Website
More Info
GOMO and ARP will convene several sessions during the American Geophysical Union meeting
12/09/2024
- 12/13/2024
Washington, D.C.
Event Website
More Info
CTD Deployment. Image Credit: Meghan Shea
GOMO supports three ocean carbon workshops in Boulder, CO
10/07/2024
- 10/10/2024
Boulder, CO
Event Website
More Info
GOMO extends invitation to apply for the OceanHackWeek 2024!
06/26/2024
- 06/30/2024
East Boothbay, ME and Sydney, Australia
Event Website
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GOMO Community Updates: Arctic Report Card, Leadership Updates & more

The GOMO Observer
Edition: Winter 2023
Message from the Director
I am very excited to once again communicate through our GOMO newsletter. Kudos to Jessica Mkitarian, and our Knauss Fellows Jesse Gwinn and Sarah Tucker, for their tireless efforts to increase the number of
GOMO stories and news
items accessible through various NOAA channels.
As you will note below, the 18th Arctic Report Card was introduced at the Fall AGU meeting. Organized and led by our Arctic Research Program team (shout out to Sarah and Sandy!), the Report Card notes that the Arctic remains a key region of significant climate change that impacts a wide range of local communities. These changes enabled GOMO to successfully seek and receive a small amount of IRA funding to advance our Arctic activities (see our story below on a call for proposals).
At the end of another busy year, it’s a natural time to reflect on our many accomplishments. We are undertaking an effort to assemble and share some of these achievements in, and out of, the ocean. No doubt we will have many items from your Progress Reports to highlight.
With 2023 drawing to a close, on behalf of all of GOMO, we wish everyone a wonderful holiday season.
Happy Holidays!
David Legler
Upcoming Events & Important Dates
• 2023 Arctic Report Card Stakeholder Briefing: Wednesday, Dec. 20, at 3pm ET / 12pm PT.
NOAA Leadership and several authors will provide key takeaways and insights on the newly released Card.
Register here
.
• NOAA Enterprise Data Management Workshop (EDMW): May 13-17.
Deadline to propose a session is Friday, December 22, 2023.
EDMW will be fully virtual with the theme "Bridging the Gap: Ensuring Seamless Data Flow from Acquisition to Access." This could be a great opportunity to get people together, share best practices, lessons learned, and future initiatives. If you have ideas or concepts for a session, please submit them
here
. For questions, email the planning team: edmw.planning.team@noaa.gov.
•
AMS Meeting 2024
: Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2024
| Baltimore, MD
GOMO at AMS:
GOMO and CPO are hosting the Town Hall,
Community Opportunity to Engage with NOAA to Provide Input on Process Study Field Campaigns to Advance the Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS) and International Initiatives
Tues., Jan. 30.
•
Ocean Sciences Meeting
(OSM): Feb. 18-24, 2024
| New Orleans, LA
GOMO at OSM:
GOMO is hosting a
2-day International GO-SHIP Science Committee meeting
by invitation. Please reach out to
Kathy Tedesco
if you are interested in attending.
GOMO, OAP and OCB are organizing a new workshop: "
Biogeochemical Observing and Modeling Workshop: Connecting Observations to Models:
Thursday, Feb. 22, 12:00-2:00.
Submit your interest
in the workshop.
GOMO and the US Argo Consortium are hosting a Town Hall, "
Making Optimal Use of Argo Data
" on Thursday, Feb. 22,  12:45-1:45.
GOMO and CPO are hosting a Town Hall, "
Community Opportunity for Input and Engagement: Process Study Field Campaigns in the Tropical Pacific to Advance the Tropical Pacific Observing System and NOAA’s Precipitation Prediction Grand Challenge
" Wed., Feb 21, 10:45 - 11:45.
•
MTS Buoy Workshop
- May 20-23, 2024
| Sequim, WA
Funding Opportunities
GOMO's Arctic Research Program announced a new funding opportunity through the IRA:
NOFO on Arctic Data Management and Climate Resilience
. The deadline for Letter of Intent to competition managers is Jan. 11, 2024.
NOAA's Ocean Acidification Program and GOMO announced a funding opportunity for
Ocean and Coastal Carbon Observing Optimization Studies
. Full proposals are due Mar 17, 2024.
Find more details on our new
funding opportunities page.
Program Updates
David Legler Selected as SES Director of GOMO
After a rigorous and open recruitment process, David Legler has been selected to the Senior Executive Service (SES) level Director of GOMO, effective Monday, December 4, 2023.
Elevating the Director of GOMO to SES status is a reflection of the importance of global ocean observing and monitoring towards NOAA's mission, and a reflection of the great work within GOMO. This appointment will offer more opportunities to articulate the importance of GOMO’s work and its relevance to NOAA's mission and public benefit. It also empowers David to lead and collaborate more effectively across NOAA and within the federal government.
In his email announcement, David noted “it is a huge honor to be selected as the first SES Director of GOMO. We have an excellent team who inspires me every day to do my best to support their efforts. Thank you for your support!"
GOMO Team Updates
Kathy Tedesco receives NOAA Team Member of the Year Award in Leadership.
Kathy's work has advanced OAR and NOAA's critical leadership role in carbon cycle
science leading to innovative information, products, and services that allow the world to understand, predict, and combat climate
change. She has done so through consensus building across a disparate community of scientists, co-development of research and
observing priorities leading to strategic investments in impactful research, and steadfast leadership of US and international carbon
cycle science in a rapidly evolving field of study. She is a deeply respected and exemplary supervisor who provides thoughtful
mentorship of numerous GOMO employees. Congratulations, Kathy!
Ann Zinkann Completes UCAR Leadership Training
.
The Leadership, Exploration, and Development (LEAD) Program is a six-month interactive, virtual training that provides supervisors with fundamental concepts, tools and skills related to: what it means to be a supervisor, effective communication, creating an ethical, diverse, and welcoming environment, managing staff performance,
maximizing employee potential and growth through coaching, and building high performance teams. Congratulations, Ann!
Meredith Kurz and LCDR Jeffrey Pereira Completes NOAA's Mid-Career Leadership Development Program (MCLDP)
. MCLDP is NOAA's nine-month interactive and virtual program providing mid-career employees with training that enlightens and fortifies their leadership journey, ensuring that NOAA's workforce is prepared to meet current and future organizational needs and challenges. The course covers all OPM leadership competencies: leading change, leading people, business acumen, building coalitions, and being results-driven; as well as the fundamental competencies of oral and written communication, interpersonal skills, integrity and honesty, continued learning, and public service. Congratulations, Meredith and Jeff!
GOMO News
Warmest Arctic Summer on Record is Evidence of Accelerating Climate Change: 2023 Arctic Report Card Released
December 12, 2023
New chapters in 2023 Arctic Report Card show the promise of Indigenous knowledge to strengthen resilience On December 12, NOAA’s 2023 Arctic Report Card was released at a press conference hosted by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) as part of its Fall Meeting. Opening remarks were provided by NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad. Lead editor Rick Thoman provided a summary of the report, and authors Dr. Tom Ballinger, Dr.…
Read more...
Biden-Harris Administration invests $1 million in advancing Arctic data management and climate resilience through Investing in America agenda
December 8, 2023
This is a repost of a NOAA press release dated December 8, 2023. View the original release on NOAA.gov. Today, the Department of Commerce and NOAA announced a $1 million Notice of Funding Opportunity for competitive grants to help improve regional climate data and information products for the Arctic region. These grants are funded through the Inflation Reduction Act —the largest climate investment in history…
Read more...
Record carbon dioxide emissions impeding progress on meeting climate goals
December 8, 2023
This is a repost of a NOAA Research article published December 5, 2023. Read the original post here. NOAA data and models help scientists track the global carbon cycle Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels are projected to reach a record 36.8 billion metric tons in 2023, an increase of 1.1% over 2022, according to an annual report by theGlobal Carbon Project. While emissions of…
Read more...
Recent “Triple-Dip” La Niña upends current understanding of ENSO
November 22, 2023
Repost of original story posted by NOAA Research on November 7, 2023. With the current El Niño in full force, researchers are still puzzling over the 2020–2023 La Niña that upended current understanding of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. The three consecutive years of La Niña conditions – a rare “triple-dip” phenomenon – had widespread impacts on the ocean and climate across the globe. While triple-dip…
Read more...
New Education Resource: “Keeping An Eye On Earth’s Oceans With Argo Robots”
October 17, 2023
GOMO-funded tech highlighted in Frontiers for Young Minds A new article was released in the Earth Sciences section of the journal Frontiers for Young Minds. “Keeping An Eye On Earth’s Oceans With Argo Robots,” describes the technology, applications, and developments of Argo floats, a major component of the Global Ocean Observing System, and provides a kid-friendly introduction to topics like ocean observing and climate change.…
Read more...
Innovative tech to observe Arctic phytoplankton
October 5, 2023
Repost of original story written by NOAA PMEL. NOAA and partner scientists recently completed two successful field tests in the US Arctic merging new technologies and traditional ship surveys to assess real-time phytoplankton species distributions in response to surface warming. The rapid warming of the Arctic Ocean has led to earlier sea ice retreats in spring and later arrivals in fall. This shift has prompted…
Read more...
Meet the Early Career Ocean Scientists Working to Improve Hurricane Forecasts
September 29, 2023
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO) received funding through the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act to support a focused ocean-atmosphere observing experiment during the 2023 hurricane season. This research experiment, called the Coordinated Hurricane Atmosphere-Ocean Sampling (CHAOS) is an integrated field campaign led by GOMO’s new Extreme Events Program and conducted as part of NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory’s long standing Hurricane…
Read more...
Read more
GOMO News.
Share your news by contacting our Communications Specialist, Jessica.Mkitarian@noaa.gov or by submitting through our
News Form
.
News Around NOAA
NOAA leaders, experts and climate science take the world stage at COP28 UN Climate Summit
NOAA Administrator Spinrad on COP28: Despite the climate crisis, ‘there is hope’
One year after the eruption, Mauna Loa Observatory has resumed key science activities
Robots give NOAA a peek under the ice of the Great Lakes
What are your chances for a white Christmas?
ICYMI: In Case You Missed It!
Biden-Harris Administration Unveils First-Ever Strategy to Advance Environmental Justice for Communities That Rely on the Ocean and Marine Resources
Recent Publications
DeVries, T., Yamamoto, K., Wanninkhof, R., Gruber, N., Hauck, J., Müller, J. D., et al. (2023).
Magnitude, trends, and variability of the global ocean carbon sink from 1985 to 2018
. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37, e2023GB007780.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007780
Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Sharp, J. D., Huang, Y., Arroyo, M. C., & Frenzel, H. (2023).
Amplified subsurface signals of ocean acidification.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37, e2023GB007843.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007843
.
Feely, R.A.,
L.-Q. Jiang,
R. Wanninkhof, B.R. Carter, S.R. Alin
, N. Bednaršek, and
C.E. Cosca
. 2023.
Acidification of the global surface ocean: What we have learned from observations.
Oceanography,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.222
.
Gutierrez-Villanueva, M.O., Chereskin, T.K. & Sprintall, J.
Compensating transport trends in the Drake Passage frontal regions yield no acceleration in net transport
.
Nature Communications
14
, 7792 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43499-2
Johnson, G. C., and B. A. King (2023), Zapiola Gyre,
Velocities and Mixing, New Argo Insights
, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128(6), e2023JC019893,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019893
Lyman, J. M., and G. C. Johnson (2023),
Global High-Resolution Random Forest Regression Maps of Ocean Heat Content Anomalies Using In Situ and Satellite Data
, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 40(5), 575-586, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-22-0058.1
Müller, J. D., Gruber, N., Carter, B., Feely, R., Ishii, M., Lange, N., et al. (2023).
Decadal trends in the oceanic storage of anthropogenic carbon from 1994 to 2014
. AGU Advances, 4, e2023AV000875.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2023AV000875
Pierre Friedlingstein et al.
Global Carbon Budget 2023
, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023
, 2023.
Sharp, J. D., Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Johnson, G. C., Schultz, C., and Dunne, J. P.:
GOBAI-O
2
: temporally and spatially resolved fields of ocean interior dissolved oxygen over nearly 2 decades
, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4481–4518,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023
, 2023.
Zilberman, N. V., M. Scanderbeg, A. R. Gray, and P. R. Oke (2023),
Scripps Argo Trajectory-Based Velocity Product: Global Estimates of Absolute Velocity Derived from Core, Biogeochemical, and Deep Argo Float Trajectories at Parking Depth
, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 40(3), 361-374,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-22-0065.1
Download more Sea-son's Greetings from
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GOMO's mission is to provide and support high quality global ocean observations and research to improve our scientific understanding and inform society about the ocean's role in environmental change.
Thank you for being a part of the GOMO Community.
NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program
1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910
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GOMO Community Updates: Accomplishments Report, Ocean Decade Conference & more!

The GOMO Observer
Spring 2024
Message from the Director
Spring: what an amazingly beautiful time of year. In preparation for a busy time of decision-making, planning, and engagement GOMO spent the last few months developing an inaugural
Accomplishments Report for 2023
that beautifully conveys the scope and breadth of GOMO-supported activities (shout out to Jessica Mkitarian and Jesse Gwinn for their leadership!). Many thanks to our partners who completed much of the work represented in the Report.
We are in the midst of finalizing our FY24 financial award decisions. We are grateful for a level budget from FY23. However, costs for critical observing sensors, equipment, labor, and ship-time (which have exceeded $2M for the first time) are up everywhere. While we have limited ability to address all needs, we are taking steps each year to minimize any reductions to our awards that support critical parts of the global ocean observing system.
The good news is that ocean observing needs continue to be on the minds of NOAA leadership and Congress.
For example, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) is enabling GOMO to increase support in select areas and/or recapitalize select assets.
Finally, I am very pleased to note the addition of two new Knauss Fellows this year. We are also celebrating the tenure of Ms Claudia Rojo, who has been a bedrock of GOMO finances for more than a decade. She is moving on to a new opportunity in NOAA: All the best Claudia in your exciting future!
David Legler
GOMO Director
Upcoming Events & Important Dates
•
NOAA Enterprise Data Management Workshop:
May 13-17 | Remote. The theme this year is "Bridging the Gap: Ensuring Seamless Data Flow from Acquisition to Access." This will be a great opportunity to get people together, share best practices, lessons learned, and future initiatives. For questions, email the planning team: edmw.planning.team@noaa.gov.
•
MTS Buoy Workshop:
May 20-23 | Sequim, WA
•
Capitol Hill Ocean Week
:
June 4-6 | Washington, D.C.
Program Updates
GOMO Welcomes New Administrative Officer, Tonya Young
Tonya Young joined GOMO as the program's first Administrative Officer this year. Tonya brings a wealth of institutional knowledge, with previous experience at NOAA NESDIS STAR as the Administrative Officer/Human Resources for seven years. Prior to joining NOAA, Tonya worked at The Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General as an Administrative Officer primarily responsible for Budget and Human Resources. Tonya has also worked at The Department of Homeland Security, and The Department of Defense. Welcome, Tonya!
GOMO Welcomes New Web Developer, Melissa Hiatt
Melissa Hiatt is a Web Developer supporting both NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program and Ocean Acidification Program. She has extensive experience in full-stack web development, UI/UX design, graphic design, advertising, and marketing. Melissa has worked with a diverse array of clients and has focused on nonprofit organizations for over a decade. One of her passions is to bring arts and sciences into the classroom and has volunteered as a STEM and art instructor for elementary school students. Welcome, Melissa!
Meet GOMO's New Knauss Fellows, Allison Lepp and Kyla Kelly
Following our annual tradition of hosting Sea Grant Knauss Fellows, this February the GOMO program welcomed Allison (Alie) Lepp and Kyla Kelly! Alie comes to GOMO from Virginia Sea Grant and is supporting the Arctic Research and Communications portfolios. Kyla is from the University of Southern California Sea Grant and is supporting GOMO’s Ocean Carbon portfolio. Alie and Kyla are the 15th and 16th Knauss Fellows that the GOMO office has hosted since 2005! Learn more about how they each came to Knauss and GOMO by
reading their interviews!
Farewell to GOMO's Budget Analyst, Claudia Rojo
At the end of April, GOMO's long time Budget Analyst, Claudia Rojo will move on to a new position within NOAA. Claudia has been with GOMO for more than a decade (since before it was called GOMO!) and has provided incomparable leadership, knowledge, and shepherded GOMO through new financial system changes and challenges with success. Her expertise in all things financial management has been a tremendous asset to the GOMO program. We will miss her and wish her the best in her new position!
Ann-Christine Zinkann Represents GOMO at the Ocean Decade Conference
GOMO Program Manager Ann-Christine Zinkann attended the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, or
Ocean Decade Conference
in Barcelona, Spain from April 10-12. Ann co-led the side events
Technologies in Sustainable Ocean Observations
and
Co-Designing Ocean Observing for the Tropics
, and she was an invited speaker for the event
Building a Strong Scientific Community in Support of a Sustainable Atlantic Ocean
where she represented the AtlantOS program.
Even more notably, Ann was an invited panelist representing GOMO and Early Career Ocean Professionals (ECOPs) for the
Session 3 Conference Panel
:
Science and Solutions for a Safe and Predicted Ocean.
In the room with more than 1500 people, Ann said she sees co-design as "the way forward to having the ocean observing system be more inclusive, purpose driven and impactful."
GOMO News
Tool for tracking research vessels in the Arctic is now live for the 2024 field season
April 22, 2024
Each year, research vessels venture into Alaska and Arctic waters to collect samples, deploy and recover moorings, conduct fisheries surveys, and more. In advance of the 2024 field season, the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC) is pleased to announce the launch of this year’s Planned Research…
Read more...
GOMO releases inaugural Accomplishments Report for 2023
April 18, 2024
NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO) has released its inaugural Accomplishments Report for 2023. This report covers the many accomplishments that are paving the way toward meeting GOMO’s 2021-2025 Strategic Plan objectives and strengthening the global ocean observing system and enterprise. Below is an excerpt…
Read more...
Biden-Harris Administration invests $2.7 million to improve ocean observations with new robotic floats through Investing in America agenda
April 10, 2024
Funding will support expansion of the Argo ocean observing system This is a repost of a NOAA.gov press release published April 10, 2024. Today, NOAA and the Department of Commerce announced that $2.7 million from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) will be used to replenish and expand…
Read more...
Filling A Data Gap In The Tropical Pacific To Reveal Daily Air-Sea Interactions
March 27, 2024
This is a repost of an original NOAA Climate Program Office story published March 25, 2024. Research has long shown that ocean surface temperatures can influence the atmosphere. Over the past twenty years, researchers have been studying how the atmosphere reacts to changing ocean temperatures globally, sparking…
Read more...
From Mississippi to Australia: 3 Research Cruises Depart to Improve Understanding of the Atlantic and Southern Ocean
February 16, 2024
This is a repost of NOAA AOML’s original story published February 13, 2024. Scientists at NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) are gearing up for a busy season at sea with three research cruises departing in the month of February. The A13.5 Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic…
Read more...
How Two Scientists Have Advanced Marine Ecosystems Research in the Arctic
January 31, 2024
In the middle of the cold and wavy Bering Sea, a crane extends over the stern of the R/V Sikuliaq and brings aboard a metal scoop filled with a sample collected from the muddy bottom of the seafloor. Researchers, Jackie, Lee, and colleagues, sort through the mud…
Read more...
Read more
GOMO News.
Share your news by contacting our Communications Specialist, jessica.mkitarian@noaa.gov or by submitting through our
News Form
.
News Around NOAA
NOAA expands availability of new heat forecast tool ahead of summer
50 years of getting ENSO predictions *mostly* right
NOAA confirms 4th global coral bleaching event
Scientists detail research to assess viability and risks of marine cloud brightening
Earth from orbit: Celebrating Earth Day with NOAA Satellites!
ICYMI: In Case You Missed It!
Meet John Cortinas, NOAA Research's new Deputy Assistant Administrator for Science
A
total solar eclipse
occurred over the United States on Monday, April 8. In case you missed it,
NOAA satellites captured the astronomical phenomenon
!
Community Spotlight
GOM
O Knauss Fellow, Kyla Kelly, successfully defended her doctoral dissertation, titled "
Multiple driver experiments to determine physiological and molecular responses of phytoplankton to anthropogenically-altered coastal and open ocean environments", on April 9th at the University of Southern California. Congratulations, Dr. Kelly!
Recent Publications
Cronin, M.F., Zhang, D., Wills, S.M. et al. Diurnal warming rectification in the tropical Pacific linked to sea surface temperature front. Nat. Geosci. 17, 316–322 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01391-8
GOMO's mission is to provide and support high quality global ocean observations and research to improve our scientific understanding and inform society about the ocean's role in environmental change.
Thank you for being a part of the GOMO Community.
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Two decades of the NOAA Arctic Report Card: history, reflections, and next steps - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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EvENT
Two decades of the NOAA Arctic Report Card: history, reflections, and next steps
01/15/2025
- 01/15/2024
Event Website
Join our webinar on Wednesday, January 15, 2025 at 2pm ET
This year marks the 20th anniversary of the Arctic Report Card (ARC), an annual NOAA product developed in collaboration with leading Arctic researchers and Indigenous experts that summarizes the state of the Arctic ecosystem compared to historical records. This webinar will cover an ARC history and feature a panel of experts, each of whom have served as ARC authors or editors for 4+ year terms. They will reflect on how Arctic science and ecosystems have evolved over the past 20 years. NOAA’s coordinating editor of the ARC will offer a forward-looking perspective, announce exciting new features, and discuss how to engage in the ARC process.
For more information contact Heather Heenehan, GOMO Education & Outreach Coordinator (
heather.heenehan@noaa.gov
) or
library.seminars@noaa.gov
.
View the recording of the seminar below:
You might also be interested in:
Arctic Research Program presents at annual Arctic Marine Science Symposium
February 19, 2025
GOMO leads and attends the 14th Global Ocean Observing System Steering Committee Meeting
February 19, 2025
Two decades of the NOAA Arctic Report Card: history, reflections, and next steps
December 17, 2024
GOMO supports three ocean carbon workshops in Boulder, CO
October 22, 2024
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People of GOMO Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
Image Credit: Ivan Bandura, Unsplash
Meet our 2025 Knauss Fellow, Mary Beth Armstrong
Following our annual tradition of hosting Sea Grant Knauss Fellows, this February the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program welcomed Mary Beth Armstrong!  Mary Beth (who goes by MB), comes to GOMO from the Virginia Sea Grant and is supporting the Arctic Research and Communications portfolios. MB is the 17th Knauss Fellows that the GOMO office
Read More »
March 3, 2025
Meet  Our 2024 Knauss Fellows: Allison Lepp and Kyla Kelly
Following our annual tradition of hosting Sea Grant Knauss Fellows, this February the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program welcomed Allison (Alie) Lepp and Kyla Kelly!  Alie comes to GOMO from Virginia Sea Grant and is supporting the Arctic Research and Communications portfolios. Kyla is from the University of Southern California Sea Grant and
Read More »
March 6, 2024
Meet the Early Career Ocean Scientists Working to Improve Hurricane Forecasts
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO) received funding through the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act to support a focused ocean-atmosphere observing experiment during the 2023 hurricane season. This research experiment, called the Coordinated Hurricane Atmosphere-Ocean Sampling (CHAOS) is an integrated field campaign led by GOMO’s new Extreme Events Program and conducted as part
Read More »
September 29, 2023
Meet GOMO’s Summer Interns, Kelli Ong & Diego Rivera
Each summer, NOAA provides internship opportunities for undergraduate students through programs such as the José E. Serrano Educational Partnership Program with Minority Serving Institutions (EPP/MSI) and the Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship. These programs, among other educational opportunities for K12, undergraduate, and graduate students, enable students interested in oceanic and atmospheric research and policy to
Read More »
August 22, 2023
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People Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
Image Credit: Ivan Bandura, Unsplash
Meet our 2025 Knauss Fellow, Mary Beth Armstrong
Following our annual tradition of hosting Sea Grant Knauss Fellows, this February the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program welcomed Mary Beth Armstrong!  Mary Beth (who goes by MB), comes to GOMO from the Virginia Sea Grant and is supporting the Arctic Research and Communications portfolios. MB is the 17th Knauss Fellows that the GOMO office
Read More »
March 3, 2025
We’re Hiring! Two Physical Scientist/Program Manager Positions
NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring & Observing Program (GOMO) is excited to announce openings for two physical scientist positions. Based on the expertise of the successful applicants, these Silver Spring-based positions will manage GOMO’s contribution to the Global Drifter Program, Ocean SITES and fixed tropical and extra tropical moorings, increase our partnership with industry, contribute to
Read More »
October 28, 2024
Student Opportunity: participate on the GO-SHIP A16S cruise (deadline June 3)
U.S. GO-SHIP is looking for students to participate in the upcoming occupation of the meridional hydrographic line known as A16S aboard the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown. The cruise is tentatively set to begin in Recife, Brazil in late October and end in Punta Arenas, Chile in late December 2024. This is a GOMO-supported cruise
Read More »
May 28, 2024
Meet  Our 2024 Knauss Fellows: Allison Lepp and Kyla Kelly
Following our annual tradition of hosting Sea Grant Knauss Fellows, this February the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program welcomed Allison (Alie) Lepp and Kyla Kelly!  Alie comes to GOMO from Virginia Sea Grant and is supporting the Arctic Research and Communications portfolios. Kyla is from the University of Southern California Sea Grant and
Read More »
March 6, 2024
We’re Hiring! Apply to GOMO’s Education & Outreach Specialist Position
NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is excited to announce a job opening for the program’s first Education & Outreach Specialist (CPAESS Program Specialist II). This position is responsible for improving the strategic coordination, visibility, and public awareness of GOMO’s education, outreach, and capacity building projects and their impact. Funding for this position
Read More »
February 15, 2024
We’re Hiring! Apply to GOMO’s Data Management Specialist position
NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is hiring a Data Management Specialist (Program Specialist III). This position will provide senior-level program support for the design and development of data management approaches and policies for the GOMO and Arctic Research Program (ARP). The position will work closely with the GOMO and ARP Directors, Program
Read More »
January 17, 2024
Meet the Early Career Ocean Scientists Working to Improve Hurricane Forecasts
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO) received funding through the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act to support a focused ocean-atmosphere observing experiment during the 2023 hurricane season. This research experiment, called the Coordinated Hurricane Atmosphere-Ocean Sampling (CHAOS) is an integrated field campaign led by GOMO’s new Extreme Events Program and conducted as part
Read More »
September 29, 2023
Meet GOMO’s Summer Interns, Kelli Ong & Diego Rivera
Each summer, NOAA provides internship opportunities for undergraduate students through programs such as the José E. Serrano Educational Partnership Program with Minority Serving Institutions (EPP/MSI) and the Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship. These programs, among other educational opportunities for K12, undergraduate, and graduate students, enable students interested in oceanic and atmospheric research and policy to
Read More »
August 22, 2023
Meet the Women Advancing NOAA Hurricane Research and Forecasting
How seven women across NOAA are leading advances in hurricane technology, observing, and forecasting Hurricanes, also known as tropical cyclones, are among the most destructive natural disasters. These storms pose major risks to coastal communities and cost billions of dollars each year in damages. Impacts are expected to increase with warming ocean temperatures, rising sea
Read More »
June 12, 2023
Meet GOMO’s new Knauss Fellows: Jessica Gwinn & Sarah Tucker
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO) has a history of working with NOAA’s Sea Grant Knauss Fellowship Program each year, and has supported 12 Knauss Fellows since 2015! This February, GOMO welcomed two new fellows, Sarah Tucker and Jessica (Jesse) Gwinn. Sarah comes to GOMO from Hawaii Sea Grant and is working to
Read More »
March 8, 2023
First NOAA GO-SHIP Cruise in 5 years Departs to Study Unique Atlantic Basin
30-years of ocean observations provide view into long-term ocean trends On March 6, a team of scientists on the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown departed from Suape, Brazil for a 55-day cruise to the northerly waters of Reykjavik, Iceland. With 150 planned stops along this cruise track known as A16N, measurements of heat, freshwater, carbon,
Read More »
March 7, 2023
Dr. Sandy Lucas Joins GOMO as Director of the Arctic Research Program
We are pleased to announce that Dr. Sandy Lucas has joined GOMO as the Director of the Arctic Research Program (ARP). She comes to GOMO after serving for the past 12 years as the Program Manager for the Climate Variability and Predictability Program in the Climate Program Office (CPO). During her time at CPO, Sandy managed
Read More »
December 21, 2022
GOMO HEADQUARTERS
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News Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
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NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
The Importance of Coordinated NOAA Research Ocean Carbon Science and Observations On January 16th, 2025, NOAA Research released an Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan. Ocean, coastal, and Great Lake carbon observations provide critical information that helps support the development of future climate projections, adaptation and mitigation strategies, and policies that inform decision makers and advance
Read More »
January 16, 2025
From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic
This is a repost of a NOAA.gov web story published on January 8, 2025. Modified February 14, 2025. Today, NOAA released its Arctic Vision and Strategy — a framework that outlines actions needed to achieve more resilient ecosystems and communities in the region. The strategy depicts NOAA’s priority areas and current activities in the Arctic, while providing
Read More »
January 14, 2025
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
On December 11th at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, a crowd gathered at the NOAA Booth to celebrate two major accomplishments: the 25 year anniversary of the Argo Program and the milestone of collecting three million “data profiles” – snapshots of ocean information collected while these robotic floats dive through the water column. Over
Read More »
December 13, 2024
Arctic tundra becoming source of carbon dioxide emissions: 2024 Arctic Report Card released
On December 10th, NOAA’s 2024 Arctic Report Card was released at a press conference hosted by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) as part of its Fall Meeting. Opening remarks were provided by NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad. Lead editor Twila Moon provided a summary of the report and authors Lawrence Mudryk, Brendan Rogers and Lori Quakenbush provided remarks
Read More »
December 10, 2024
Discrepancies in ocean carbon sink estimates persist, how NOAA is making progress to close the gap
2024 Global Carbon Budget Report Released Every year, scientists from around the world, including NOAA experts, work together to produce the Global Carbon Budget. This annual scientific report tracks the origin and amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions entering the atmosphere and where it is transported throughout the Earth system. Just like you might consider
Read More »
November 15, 2024
The power of collaboration in advancing Arctic research
This article was edited on 2/10/2025 Every facet of the Arctic, from sea ice to permafrost, from fisheries to shorelines, is responding to the effects of climate change, which is increasing temperatures of the land, air, and ocean. These changes do not occur in isolation, but are triggering impacts in different, but connected, branches of
Read More »
November 15, 2024
NOAA Ocean Acidification Program & GOMO fund $3M for optimizing ocean carbon observing
The NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (OAP), in partnership with NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is pleased to announce the awardees for the  FY24 Coastal and Ocean Carbon Observing Optimization Studies funding opportunity. The expected total NOAA investment of $3,018,812 over three years aims to optimize sampling strategies that improve carbonate chemistry observing systems geared towards delivering data
Read More »
October 8, 2024
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Recent “Triple-Dip” La Niña upends current understanding of ENSO - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Recent “Triple-Dip” La Niña upends current understanding of ENSO
Jessica Gwinn
November 22, 2023
News
Repost of
original story
posted by NOAA Research on November 7, 2023.
With the current
El Niño in full force
, researchers are still puzzling over the 2020–2023 La Niña that upended current understanding of
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
dynamics. The three consecutive years of La Niña conditions – a rare “triple-dip” phenomenon – had widespread impacts on the ocean and climate across the globe. While triple-dip La Niñas have happened before, this one was notable in that it did not conform to conventional theories on how these extended La Niñas develop, leaving scientists searching for clues to explain what caused it.
What are “triple-dip” La Niñas?
La Niña is the cool phase of ENSO, a major form of climate variability that influences temperature, precipitation and extreme weather patterns worldwide. La Niña conditions develop when equatorial trade winds intensify and cause colder, deeper water to rise to the surface, essentially cooling the Pacific Ocean. While ENSO cycles typically last 9-12 months and pop up intermittently every two to seven years, “triple-dip” La Niña conditions persist for three successive years.
“Triple-dip” La Niñas appear as wide blue dips in
Oceanic Niño Index
charts, which show three-month running mean of surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific. (
NASA: “La Niña Times Three”
)
NOAA Senior Scientist Michael McPhaden wrote about the 2020–2023 La Niña in the
2022 State of the Climate Report
. “Compared with single-year ENSO events, triple-dip La Niñas lead to elevated risks from natural hazards like droughts, floods, heat waves, and weather extremes simply because they last so long,” said McPhaden, an oceanographer at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. “There were parts of the globe where it was disaster after disaster because of the extended period of cold in the tropical Pacific over these three years.”
The 2020-2023 La
Niña saw
impacts
ranging from back-to-back years of
extreme rainfall and flooding in Australia, prolonged droughts leading to food security issues in Africa, and exceptional drought in the southwestern United States. La Ni
ñ
as are also often linked to
greater Atlantic hurricane activity
, which is exactly what we saw with record-breaking and above-average hurricane seasons in
2020
and
2021
.
La Niña causes the jet stream to move northward and to weaken over the eastern Pacific. During La Niña winters, the South sees warmer and drier conditions than usual. The North and Canada tend to be wetter and colder. (
NOAA: “What are El Niño and La Niña?”
)
What caused the 2020–2023 triple-dip La Niña?
Triple-dip La Niñas are not new, with particularly strong ones occurring in 1973–1976 and 1998–2001. However, these two previous events developed in the wake of especially strong El Niños, which were thought to be precursors for triple-dip La Niñas. The
leading theory
was that strong El Niños cause a significant loss of heat from the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the atmosphere and to higher latitudes, leaving a large ocean heat deficit that can take years to recover. However, the 2020–2023 La Niña was unique in that it did not follow a strong El Niño, causing researchers to reevaluate current understanding of how these extended La Niñas develop
.
One possibility is that ENSO – which was previously thought to be driven by processes primarily occurring within the tropical Pacific Ocean basin – is more susceptible to
inter-basin interactions
involving the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Many recent studies
such as this one
have also argued that influences from the North and South Pacific Ocean may play an important role in promoting prolonged La Niña events. It has even been suggested that
smoke from the extensive Australian bushfires in 2019–2020
may have helped to trigger the recent La Niña. These studies underscore the idea that there may be significant sources of ENSO variability originating outside the tropical Pacific Ocean and that we need a more global approach for understanding and predicting ENSO cycle variations.
Additionally, a
recent comparative study
of the 1998–2001 and 2020–2023 triple-dip La Niñas concluded that shifting background conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean and atmosphere, possibly linked to climate change, could be altering the character of El Niño and La Niña events. A
related study
examining multi-year La Niñas over the past 100 years arrived at similar conclusions.
“The background oceanic and atmospheric conditions of the tropical Pacific determine the nature of ENSO cycle variations,” McPhaden said. “Over the past 40 years, the tropical Pacific has been trending towards a state that resembles a permanent La Niña-like condition, which could be tilting the odds towards more strong multi-year La Niña events like we just witnessed.” A
recent analysis of climate models
under future warming scenarios also suggests that multi-year La Niñas could become more common, which is a concern given their consequential impacts on society and the environment.
ENSO redistributes global heat, leading to extreme weather around the world.
Sorting through what caused the recent triple-dip La Niña is a new challenge that has generated a lot of excitement in the research community. It turns out that the extended, colder La Niña conditions masked a
rise in global mean surface temperatures
that we might have expected over the past few years due to
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
. Year-to-year variations in global temperature are strongly influenced by ENSO, which redistributes heat and energy on a global scale since the tropical Pacific Ocean absorbs more heat from the atmosphere than usual during La Niña and releases more heat during El Niño.
“The 2020–2023 triple-dip La Niña may have offered temporary relief from rising global temperatures, but the reemergence of a strong El Niño in the past few months has led to a rapid release of heat stored in the upper ocean,” McPhaden added. “So, it’s not surprising that this past summer saw record-breaking
temperatures,
so many
extreme weather
events, and widespread
marine heatwaves
. Climate change is the underlying cause for many of these extremes, but ENSO affects the timing, intensity and regionality of impacts. We need to better understand how these two climate phenomena conspire to produce natural hazards that put life, property, and natural systems at significant risk.”
The 2020–2023 triple-dip La Niña, seen as cooler “blue” dips in the monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (bottom), temporarily stalled rising global mean sea surface temperatures (top) until the return of El Niño in the summer of 2023. (
2022 State of the Climate Report, Sidebar 3.1: The 2020–22 triple-dip La Niña
)
Research and monitoring can help us better prepare for ENSO impacts in the future.
The 2020–2023 La Niña showed us that current ENSO concepts may no longer be serving us well in the context of a changing climate. As climate change continues to shift our planet to new norms, the need to continue observing and investigating processes in our ocean and atmosphere system is even more urgent.
In situ
ocean observations from platforms like
Argo profiling floats
and the
Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array
, supported by NOAA’s
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program
, as well as critical sea surface temperature, surface height and surface wind measurements from satellites, have been instrumental for documenting changes in our ocean over the last several decades. Sustaining long-term ocean and climate records from these and other observing platforms is necessary to improve our understanding and ability to predict ENSO, its impacts, and how it may change in the future.
Special thanks to PMEL Senior Scientist Michael McPhaden, GOMO Communications Specialist Jessica Mkitarian, as well the NOAA Research Communications team for their review of this article.
Author Jesse Gwinn is a 2023 Knauss Fellow focusing on communications and capacity building projects for the GOMO Program.
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Arctic Research Program Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
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From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic
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Biden-Harris Administration, NOAA invest $1.8 million to expand critical ice and ocean observations in the Arctic
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Biden-Harris Administration, NOAA invest $3.84 million to enhance Arctic research, data management and climate resiliency
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Reassessing the stability of the Florida Current: New insights from 40 years of observations - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Reassessing the stability of the Florida Current: New insights from 40 years of observations
Allison Lepp
September 6, 2024
News
,
Ocean Climate Observation
,
Partnerships
This is a repost of NOAA AOML’s
original story
published September 5, 2024
There is growing scientific interest in quantifying how large-scale ocean circulation is evolving as part of a changing global climate. Of particular interest is the potential weakening of the
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
(AMOC).  However, the strength of the Florida Current, a key component of the AMOC, has remained stable for the past four decades, according to a
new study
by scientists at NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (
AOML
), the University of Miami Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (
CIMAS
), and the
National Oceanography Centre
(UK).
The AMOC is the Atlantic (Ocean) portion of the Global Meridional Overturning Circulation (
MOC
). It is an important part of this global system that moves water northwards and southwards in the Atlantic Ocean, connecting surface and bottom water flows across the globe. The AMOC controls the transport of heat, freshwater, carbon, nutrients, and other properties across the basin, meaning that changes in the AMOC’s strength could impact many global scale climate phenomena such as sea level, extreme weather, and precipitation patterns.
Schematic of the RAPID/MOCHA/WBTS Array in relation to meridional overturning circulation pattern.
Image credit: University of Miami
Current state-of-the-art climate models, including the NOAA model, suggest a decline of the AMOC by up to 45% of its present-day strength toward the end of this century. The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report is based on these models. However, there is no clear observational evidence to support a significant slowdown of the AMOC in recent decades.
A CTD instrument package sits on the deck of the
R/V F.G.
Walton Smith
with the Miami skyline in the background.
In this study, scientists have found through observations that the Florida Current, one of the fastest currents in the ocean and an important part of the AMOC, has remained remarkably stable over the past 40 years.
The Florida Current is a strong ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows along the east coast of Florida through the Florida Straits, into the open North Atlantic Ocean, where the flow becomes the
Gulf Stream
. Scientists monitor the Florida Current because of its influence on societal issues, including changes in coastal sea level and flooding events, as well as its role in weather and climate patterns. The current carries heat and salt northward in the subtropical North Atlantic and is a major contributor to the AMOC.
Since 1982, NOAA’s
Western Boundary Time Series (WBTS) project
and its predecessors have monitored the transport of the Florida Current between Florida and the Bahamas at 27°N using a 120-km long submarine cable paired with regular hydrographic cruises in the Florida Straits. This nearly continuous monitoring has provided the longest observational record of a boundary current in existence. Beginning in 2004, NOAA’s WBTS project partnered with the
United Kingdom’s Rapid Climate Change program
(RAPID) and the
University of Miami’s Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array
(MOCHA) programs to establish the first transbasin AMOC observing array at about 26.5N.
WBTS hydrographic measurement sites (red dots) and mooring locations are shown above. WBTS moorings include Pressure Inverted Echosounders (PIES) along the 26.5°N section (magenta squares) and shallow pressure gauges on either side of the Florida Straits (yellow stars). The Florida Current Cable (black line) and western boundary currents are also shown. MOCHA and RAPID measurement sites (not shown) are also located along the  26.5°N section, east of the Bahamas, extending eastward across the North Atlantic Ocean (see first figure).
Through the WBTS project, the strength of the Florida Current has been inferred from voltages measured on a decommissioned submarine telephone cable spanning the seafloor between Florida and the Bahamas. Due to the Earth’s magnetic field, as salt ions in the seawater are transported by the Florida Current over the cable, a measurable voltage is transmitted to the cable. Using regular ship-based measurements, this voltage record can be correlated to the volume transport of the Florida Current. The resulting cable measurement time series has provided a daily transport record of the Florida Current for more than 40 years.
Schematic of the WBTS cable voltage monitoring
system in the Florida Straits. Credit: NOAA AOML.
Through the WBTS project, the strength of the Florida Current has been inferred from voltages measured on a decommissioned submarine telephone cable spanning the seafloor between Florida and the Bahamas. Due to the Earth’s magnetic field, as salt ions in the seawater are transported by the Florida Current over the cable, a measurable voltage is transmitted to the cable. Using regular ship-based measurements, this voltage record can be correlated to the volume transport of the Florida Current. The resulting cable measurement time series has provided a daily transport record of the Florida Current for more than 40 years.
In this new study, WBTS scientists reassessed the overall trend in the Florida Current transport inferred from the cable measurements. They found that voltages measured on the cable beginning in 2000 required a correction for the gradual change in the Earth’s magnetic field over time. The correction nearly removed a previously reported negative trend in the record, revealing that the Florida Current has remained stable for the past four decades.
This result contradicts previous claims made regarding a statistically significant decline of the Florida Current at 27°N, and subsequently reduces the negative trend (i.e., the weakening) previously observed in the AMOC time series at 26.5°N. Several previous studies that showed a slowing of the Florida Current were based on data from the cable prior to the correction.
“
The use of the corrected Florida Current transport time series reduces the negative trend in the AMOC from 2004-2022 by about 40% and makes it only marginally significant in a statistical sense
. ” said Denis Volkov, PhD, CIMAS scientist and lead author of the study.
A CTD instrument package is being pulled back
onto the ship after deployment.
If climate models are correct and the AMOC is slowing or will slow down, this study indicates that such a slowdown has not yet been reflected in the Florida Current, or that the observational records are still too short to detect it with confidence.
Nevertheless, the importance of both the Florida Current and the AMOC in regional and global climate variability demonstrates the value of sustained observations at 26.5°N. The existing records are just starting to reveal decadal-scale signals relevant to climate variability.
“Although the AMOC observing system at 26.5N has 20 years of observations, the time series is still too short to draw definitive conclusions. Our study focuses on the long-term change in the Florida Current strength which is an important component of the AMOC. However, it is possible that the AMOC is changing without a corresponding change in the Florida Current. The AMOC may still be weakening and/or what we are observing is just part of the interdecadal variability – we still need to find out,”
said Denis Volkov, PhD.
The WBTS project is part of an international collaboration with partners that include AOML’s WBTS  funded by
NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO)
Program, the
University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heat-flux Array (MOCHA)
Program (funded via the
National Science Foundation, NSF
), and the UK
National Oceanography Centre’s Rapid Climate Change (RAPID)
Program.
The corrected Florida Current transport time series is made freely available through the WBTS project’s
webpage
.
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