NOAA invests in new tools to measure the ocean - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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NOAA invests in new tools to measure the ocean
Melissa Hiatt
October 9, 2019
Monitoring Platforms
,
Uncategorized
This is a repost of NOAA Research’s
original story published October 9, 2019
.
Four new research projects are giving a boost to NOAA’s ability to measure, track and forecast ocean acidification, warming and other important ocean health indicators.
NOAA Research’s
Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division
has awarded $3 million in funding for projects that will expand the ability of the global
Argo Program
to measure ocean chemistry.
Two of the selected projects will partner with ocean observation technology companies
Sea Bird Scientific
and
MRV
to refine biogeochemical (BGC) Argo float designs and test new sensors through the release of about 20 floats in the Tropical Pacific, an important region for understanding the ocean’s role in the global carbon cycle. Two additional projects will support selected
NOAA Research Laboratories and Cooperative Institutes
in developing and deploying BGC Argo floats and using the resulting information to describe ocean chemistry changes in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem and northwest Atlantic ocean — both significant areas for fisheries.
“Argo has revolutionized ocean knowledge by routinely observing the upper layer of the ocean and delivering data in near real-time to improve weather and climate predictions and forecasts,” said David Legler, Director of the Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division of NOAA Research. “This research will better enable NOAA to monitor rapidly changing biogeochemical conditions in the ocean that are vital for ocean health and living marine resources.”
This map shows positions of the nearly 4,000 floats in the Argo network. Credit: NOAA
The Argo Program was launched in 1999 and includes participation from 26 countries that maintain an array of nearly 4,000 cylindrical, robotic floats that sample the ocean. Every 10 days, a float will dive 1.2 miles (2,000 meters) below the surface, collect temperature and salinity measurements, and then resurface to transmit the data in real-time via satellite. The Argo Program is innovating to develop floats with six important biogeochemical sensors that can measure ocean acidity, oxygen, nitrate, and phytoplankton productivity, an important indicator of ocean health. While NOAA and Argo partners are already using Argo floats with a few biogeochemical sensors, research is needed to improve the sensor technology and produce reliable floats that contain all the sensors. In the future, the Argo Program envisions floats with biogeochemical sensors will be deployed around the globe.
The Argo Program is managed by NOAA’s
Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division
, whose mission is to create long-term, high-quality global ocean observations, information, and products to help inform decision makers and policy makers across the globe.
Selected projects:
Projects 1 & 2 received a total of $2 million in funding from NOAA and were selected under the 2019
National Ocean Partnership Program
in partnership with
NASA’s Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program
and NOAA’s
Climate Variability and Predictability Program
, as a contribution to
Tropical Pacific Observing System 2020
project. Projects 3 & 4 received a total of $1 million in funding from NOAA Research.
1.
“Improvements to Profiling Float Technology in Support of Equatorial Pacific Biogeochemical Studies”
PI/Co-PI(s): Stephen C. Riser (UW), Ken Johnson (MBARI), Brendan Carter, (JISAO/UW), Thomas Mitchell (Sea-Bird)
2.
“Developing an autonomous biogeochemical profiling float to monitor biological productivity, ocean-atmosphere CO2 fluxes, and hypoxia in the Tropical Pacific Ocean”
PI/Co-PI(s): Sarah Purkey, Todd Martz, Lynne Talley, Dean Roemmich, Matthew Mazloff, Daniel Rudnick, Ariane Verdy (SIO-UCSD); Neil Bogue (MRV Systems LLC); Ken Johnson (MBARI)
3.
“A Pilot BGC Argo Float Array in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem”
PI/Co-PI(s): Greg Johnson, Richard Feely and Brendan Carter (PMEL), Stephen Riser (UW), Ken Johnson (MBARI), John P. Dunne (GFDL)
4.
“Advancing Biogeochemical Argo at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study Site
” PI/Co-PI(s): David Nicholson, Susan Wijffels (WHOI).
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NOAA Research Awards $3 Million for Biogeochemical Argo Float Research - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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NOAA Research Awards $3 Million for Biogeochemical Argo Float Research
Jessica Mkitarian
January 9, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
NOAA Research Awards $3 Million for Biogeochemical Argo Float Research
Four new research projects are giving a boost to NOAA’s ability to measure, track and forecast ocean acidification, warming and other important ocean health indicators.
NOAA Research’s Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division has awarded $3 million in funding for projects that will expand the ability of the global Argo Program to measure ocean chemistry.
Two of the selected projects will partner with ocean observation technology companies Sea Bird Scientific and MRV to refine biogeochemical (BGC) Argo float designs and test new sensors through the release of about 20 floats in the Tropical Pacific, an important region for understanding the ocean’s role in the global carbon cycle. Two additional projects will support selected NOAA Research Laboratories and Cooperative Institutes in developing and deploying BGC Argo floats and using the resulting information to describe ocean chemistry changes in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem and northwest Atlantic ocean — both significant areas for fisheries.
“Argo has revolutionized ocean knowledge by routinely observing the upper layer of the ocean and delivering data in near real-time to improve weather and climate predictions and forecasts,” said David Legler, Director of the Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division of NOAA Research. “This research will better enable NOAA to monitor rapidly changing biogeochemical conditions in the ocean that are vital for ocean health and living marine resources.”
Read more about these new research projects
here.
More Links
NOAA Research Awards $3 Million for Biogeochemical Argo Float Research
–
NOAA Research Awards $3 Million for Biogeochemical Argo Float Research
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Pensacola Tide Gauge Station Upgraded with New Sensors - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Pensacola Tide Gauge Station Upgraded with New Sensors
Jessica Mkitarian
January 8, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
Pensacola Tide Gauge Station Upgraded with New Sensors
The tide gauge station in Pensacola, Florida has successfully been upgraded to include
Continuous Global Navigation Satellite Systems (cGNSS) sensors
. This upgrade is part of a larger upgrade plan for all US based
Global Sea Level Observing System
(GLOSS) tide gauge stations. The new cGNSS sensors allow for tide gauges to detect vertical movements in the land where the gauges are located, which can help us understand total sea level change in a region. This information is  valuable to the local community and planners, as well as the global community affected by sea level change. Researchers from around the world use the GLOSS tide gauge data to study the effects of regional and global sea level. NOAA and the US has committed to upgrading all 27 GLOSS stations in the country. This work was supported by the Ocean Observing and Monitoring
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January 14, 2025
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December 13, 2024
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Successful Deployment of KEO Ocean Climate Station - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Successful Deployment of KEO Ocean Climate Station
Jessica Mkitarian
January 9, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
Successful Deployment of KEO Ocean Climate Station
September 24 - 29, 2019:
Pacific Marine Environmental Lab
(PMEL) and partners aboard the Kaiyo Maru #1 successfully completed the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) mooring turnaround cruise during typhoon season. The cruise began later than expected after facing delays due to typhoon Tapah. Sandwiched between weather systems,
the KEO mooring
was both deployed and recovered successfully in a single 24-hour period, and is ready to observe Super Typhoon Hagibis, demonstrating it’s dual-purpose of relaying real-time weather information and contributing to longer, climatological records. In addition to the mooring, four
JAMSTEC
backscatter meters and an underwater camera were deployed. The KEO mooring is also known as a “storm mooring” due to its prime location to observe the transition of tropical cyclones to extra-tropical storms and measure the exchanges of heat and moisture between the atmosphere and ocean associated with these storms. During the summer and fall months, typhoons are common in the western North Pacific. On average, a typhoon passes within 500NM of KEO every two weeks during the peak of the tropical cyclone season. The next typhoon (HAGIBIS) is expected to hit KEO on October 12, 2019 (See Figure).
Data from ocean climate stations moorings provide the foundation blocks for NOAA’s Climate Observation Division’s program deliverables of global climate analysis products. These measurements can be used to help improve weather and storm forecasts, inform climate projections, and verify satellite products and models. The Kuroshio Extension current carries warm water at nearly 140 million cubic meters per second eastward into the North Pacific, and is a region where the ocean generally loses heat to the atmosphere. The exchange of heat and moisture into the atmosphere is an important factor in the development of storms over the north Pacific before they reach the United States. Located about 360 miles southeast of Tokyo, the KEO mooring monitors air-sea interactions, ocean currents, and weather variation. KEO measures surface variables including temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, winds, rain, and radiation. Subsurface currents, salinity, temperature, and pressure are also recorded, with the deepest sensors near the seafloor in 5,700m of water. Hourly realtime data are available from transmissions every 6 hours, and higher resolution data (10 minutes or less) are downloaded upon recovery. For more details on the KEO mooring, see:
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ocs/
.
More Links
Successful Deployment of KEO Ocean Climate Station
–
Successful Deployment of KEO Ocean Climate Station
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Argo Program Achieves Milestone with Two Million Ocean Measurements - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Argo Program Achieves Milestone with Two Million Ocean Measurements
Melissa Hiatt
December 10, 2018
Monitoring Platforms
,
Uncategorized
This is a repost of NOAA Research’s original story
published December 10, 2018
An Argo float recently surfaced in the Atlantic Ocean to transmit temperature and salinity measurements from over a mile deep. This float was made in France and launched by German scientists in 2016, and it is one of thousands in the international
Argo Program
, which just recorded its two millionth profile, marking a major milestone for the 20-year old observation program.
“The Argo Program is a hallmark of NOAA’s ocean observing systems. It has revolutionized our ability to track changes in our global oceans,” said David Legler, NOAA Research chief of the Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division. “In the wake of Hurricanes Michael and Florence, rising sea levels, and with an El Niño on the horizon, ocean information from systems like Argo are paramount for accurate weather and climate predictions.”
Historically, our understanding of the ocean has come from satellite information, ship-based observations, moored buoys, and other anchored instruments.
Argo floats
are robotic and able to sample much more of the global ocean, providing nearly four times the information as all other ocean observing tools combined. The cylindrical, free-floating devices that stand five feet tall measure temperature and salinity in the ocean. Approximately every 10 days, an Argo float dives about 1.2 miles deep, drifts with the ocean currents, and then surfaces to transmit data in real-time via satellite. Argo floats cycle through these dives, or “profiles” for four to five years on battery power. Since its inception in 1999, the Argo Program has grown to include almost 4,000 floats and participation from 26 countries across the globe.
DELIVERING OCEAN DATA: This map shows positions of the nearly 4000 Argo floats that have delivered data within the last 30 days. Credit: NOAA
Developing new Argo floats
Even as it celebrates its two millionth profile, the Argo Program is expanding and innovating. New types of Argo floats are being tested. One of these floats is
Deep Argo
, which can
dive three times deeper
, down to 3.7 miles, helping us understand the largely unobserved deep ocean. Another float type gaining international support is the
biogeochemical Argo
, a float that can measure a range of conditions such as oxygen, carbon, and pH: critical for addressing pressing environmental issues, such as ocean acidification and low oxygen levels that have been detected in some parts of the ocean and are associated with harmful algal blooms.
Major ocean and climate assessment programs, such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (
IPCC
), already rely on Argo. It is a key tool used to track how fast the Earth’s climate is warming. All Argo data are freely available to anyone, and have been used for broad applications including aquaculture, pollution monitoring, ocean education, and national defense. On average, a scientific paper using Argo data is published every day.
The U.S. Argo partners include the
University of Washington
, the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
, University of California San Diego,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
, and NOAA’s
Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division
,
Pacific Marine Environmental Lab
, and
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab
. The U.S. Argo Program maintains about half of the global fleet, deploying around 400 new Argo floats each year.
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The evolution of the in situ global ocean observing system for climate - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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The evolution of the in situ global ocean observing system for climate
Jessica Mkitarian
June 1, 2015
Monitoring Platforms
,
Uncategorized
The evolution of the in situ global ocean observing system for climate
A paper in the
Marine Technology Society Journal
, authored by Stephen R. Piotrowicz and David Legler of CPO’s Climate Observation Division (COD), describes the eight elements of Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the Arctic Observing Network. GOOS is the international observation system that ensures long-term sustained ocean observations. The ocean equivalent of the atmospheric observing system supporting weather forecasting, GOOS, was originally developed to provide data for weather and climate applications. Today, GOOS data are used for all aspects of ocean management as well as weather and climate research and forecasting.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), through the Climate Observation Division of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research/Climate Program Office, is a major supporter of the climate component of GOOS. The paper addresses the evolution of the observing system as rapidly evolving new capabilities in sensors, platforms, and telecommunications allow observations at unprecedented temporal and spatial scales with the accuracy and precision required to address questions of climate variability and change.
To learn more, access the full paper online (
pdf
). Copyright 2015. Marine Technology Society Journal.
This article is for personal use only, and is not to be distributed in any format. The Marine Technology Society is a not-for-profit, international, professional association. Founded in 1963, the Society believes that the advancement of marine technology and the productive, sustainable use of the oceans depend upon the active exchange of ideas between government, industry and academia. See www.mtsociety.org.
Citation
The
In Situ
Global Ocean Observing System for Climate (and Other Needs), Stephen R. Piotrowicz & David M. Legler.
Marine Technology Society Journal
, March/April 2015, Volume 49, Number 2, pp. 112–121.
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Deep Argo floats deployed in the Pacific - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Deep Argo floats deployed in the Pacific
Jessica Mkitarian
July 1, 2014
Monitoring Platforms
,
Ocean Climate Observation
Steve Piotrowicz, program manager at CPO’s Office of Climate Observation joined the crew of the
R/V Tangaroa
in mid-June for a Deep Argo Development cruise. The
R/V Tangaroa,
operated by
New Zealand’s National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
sailed from Wellington, New Zealand on June 16, 2014.
The R/V Tangaroa, operated by New Zealand’s National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
The primary objectives of the cruise were (1) to deploy two prototype Deep Argo (6,000 deep meter plus) floats and (2) to undertake deep (~5,500 meter) CTD casts for sensor testing and development.  In addition, 6 SOLO2 Argo (2,000 meter) floats were deployed in transit, and a “virtual field trip” was created for local schools.  The SOLO2 floats and the Deep Argo floats were provided by
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
as part of NOAA’s
Argo Program
.
The ship proceeded to an abyssal plain east of Kermadec Ridge (>5500 meters deep) to deploy the prototype Deep Argo floats. The balance of the voyage was to use the shipboard CTD to collect calibration data and to test new sensors.
The two Deep Argo floats were deployed several days apart to enable analysis and evaluation of the first float before deploying the second.  The floats each performed a series of test dives from 150 meters to 4,000 meters and then 5,000 meters deep.  The floats are presently both operating to 5,500 meters and the first profile down to 5,500 meters was successful.  It takes 24-36 hours for a float to complete a decent-ascent cycle.
The Deep floats will now conduct full profiles every three days for a year.  The floats will be recovered after one year to evaluate the technology and a larger array of instruments will be deployed in the same region.  Those floats will be operated such that they can endure for four years.  Energy consumption and operational considerations for the pumping systems dictate that each profile will have different sampling intervals throughout the cast – high resolution near the surface and low resolution at depth.
Image of a deployed Deep Argo float. The cruise ended on June 25, 2014 in Auckland, New Zealand.
Preliminary results of the extensive CTD cast program indicate that the data appear to be of  very high quality, with good agreement throughout the voyage from the paired sensors.  The initial expectations for the Deep Argo sensor (
SBE-61)
were to deliver temperature within 2 millidegrees Kelvin, salinity within 0.005 psu and pressure within 5 dbars.  First differences of the raw data suggest they are within 1 millidegree Kelvin, 0.006 psu, and 4 dbars.  These estimated accuracies still have to undergo additional quality control tests.
The product of the “virtual field trip” can be viewed
here
.
Finally, the crew of the
R/V
Tangaroa
performed exceptionally well, in particular in deploying the floats and conducting the CTD casts, which were basically being done continuously while on stations except for when floats were being deployed.
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Dr. Sidney Thurston Retires from NOAA - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Dr. Sidney Thurston Retires from NOAA
Jessica Mkitarian
December 21, 2022
News
GOMO
Plank Owner
to Retire
After 28 years associated with NOAA Research, Dr. Sidney Thurston will retire from Federal service at NOAA on December 31, 2022 to accept the newly established position of
Vice President for Global Science and Technology
(S&T) at
EarthX.org
and
EarthXTV.com
.
Dr. Thurston joined NOAA’s “Office of Global Programs” (OGP) in 1995 as a Knauss Sea Grant Fellow and continued in this role for two years. While residing in Japan during the next six years, he conducted ocean surface gravity wave research for two years at Japan’s
Port and Harbor Research Institute
in Kurihama with the Japan Science and Technology Agency and Seoul National University. He then worked in Oppama as a visiting scientist for two years at
Japan’s Marine-Earth Science and Technology Center
(JAMSTEC) while facilitating NOAA’s ocean-climate cooperation with Indo-Pacific Partners. He served as OGP’s Liaison in Tokyo for over two years to facilitate research, modeling and observations collaboration across the Indo-Pacific Region and coordinate DOC/NOAA VIP visits. In 2006 he was detailed to the American Embassy (Tokyo) Science Office for four months for NOAA’s
Leadership Competencies Development Program
(LCDP-5
The Ambassadors
).
LEFT: Jakarta Cruise Ceremony with U.S. Ambassador Hume and Dr. Spinrad (2009). RIGHT: NOAA-Indonesia RAMA cruise (2019).
Dr. Thurston has proudly served NOAA’s
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing
(GOMO) Program as Program Manager for Ocean Observing Technology and Overseas Program Development, managing several Global Met-Ocean Observing Networks, including the
Global Drifter Program
and
Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array
. This has allowed him to build Resource-Sharing Partnerships, traveling 2.5 million air miles across the Indo-Pacific Region over the years to help organize over thirty capacity building workshops on the social-economic applications of Met-Ocean observations such as with Korea, Indonesia and India. He expects to continue to serve the Global Community as Vice-Chair of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
Standing Committee on Earth System Observing and Monitoring Networks
and the WMO-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Joint Collaborative Board.
Delegates of the India-USA Colloquium 11-13 June 2018, Goa India. India MoES Secretary Rajeevan and former NOAA OAR AA Craig Mclean are front row and center.
As
EarthX
evolves and expands globally, Dr. Thurston’s new position will provide continuity to help raise the visibility of the global ocean-climate-weather S&T efforts, explore alternative energy, empower the planet with science-based climate adaptation, and tackle other urgent climate issues.  Two primary duties will be to:
1. Deliver S&T content for
TV,
Films
and
Documentaries
on the
EarthX
global platform,
2. Identify S&T projects which
EarthX
can support to
lead by example including
renewable energy, nextGen Information Technology, the Climate and Health connection, enhancing climate resilience, and Trees/Forests and new eco-friendly building materials.
We thank Sid for his service at NOAA and wish him the best in his new role!
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Inaugural Ocean Observing Supplement to Oceanography Magazine Now Published - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Inaugural Ocean Observing Supplement to Oceanography Magazine Now Published
Jessica Mkitarian
January 11, 2022
News
On January 10, 2022 Oceanography Magazine published a supplemental on ocean observing, titled:
Frontiers in Ocean Observing: Documenting Ecosystems, Understanding Environmental Changes, Forecasting Hazards
. This is the first time a supplement on ocean observing has been published in
Oceanography Magazine
. For this 2021 inaugural supplement, potential authors were invited to submit letters of interest aligned with the priorities of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) in the following topical areas: (1) Ocean-Climate Nexus; (2) Ecosystems and Their Diversity; (3) Ocean Resources and the Economy Under Changing Environmental Conditions; (4) Pollutants and Contaminants and Their Potential Impacts on Human Health and Ecosystems; (5) Multi-Hazard Warning Systems.
The editors received 127 letters of interest from the global ocean observing community, and 35 articles were chosen for the supplement. For many of the articles, authors who had never before worked together were asked to collaborate and submit one combined article. The supplement also includes a closing section focused on exciting new ocean observing technologies.
The supplement is edited by Ellen S. Kappel, and guest editors include S. Kim Juniper, Sophie Seeyave, Emily Smith (GOMO Program Manager), and Martin Visbeck. Support is provided by Ocean Networks Canada, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, the international Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean, and the US Arctic Research Commission for generously supporting publication of this Ocean Observing supplement.
Full Citation:
Kappel, E.S., S.K. Juniper, S. Seeyave, E. Smith, and M. Visbeck, eds. 2021. Frontiers in Ocean Observing: Documenting Ecosystems, Understanding Environmental Changes, Forecasting Hazards. A Supplement to Oceanography 34(4), 102 pp.,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02
.
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GOMO Program joined the 23rd Annual Argo Steering Team meeting in Monaco - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO Program joined the 23rd Annual Argo Steering Team meeting in Monaco
Melissa Hiatt
April 5, 2022
News
GOMO Program joined the 23rd Annual Argo Steering Team meeting in Monaco
Members of the GOMO Program joined the 23rd Annual
Argo Steering Team
meeting, held in Monaco from March 21-25, 2022. This was the first in-person meeting in over 2 years and was a great success. The International Hydrographic Organization, Argo and the Ocean Observing Co-Design Project hosted the event as part of
Monaco Ocean week
with the objective of bringing together data providing networks and their users to better understand both the needs of the users and to communicate the needs of the networks. The goal was to identify working groups that would develop short-term projects and activities to address articulated issues and needs. Emily Smith, Program Manager of the US Argo Program, presented about the Argo Program to support hurricane predictions. GOMO Knauss Fellow, Mariana Rocha de Souza led the
UN Decade of Ocean Science
Forum that brought together several UN Ocean Decade Actions and Networks. The Forum was the first of its kind, bringing together data network providers with UN Ocean Decade Activities.
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Key Climate Observations Restored with Deployment of KEO Buoy - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Key Climate Observations Restored with Deployment of KEO Buoy
Jessica Mkitarian
April 19, 2022
News
Key Climate Observations Restored with Deployment of KEO Buoy
On March 31, 2022, the
Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) moored buoy
was successfully deployed by
NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Lab
and partners, renewing an ongoing OceanSITES time series that began almost 18 years ago. First deployed in 2004, its time series was disrupted by the COVID pandemic. KEO collects vital data in the Kuroshio Extension recirculation gyre, a region known to affect the development of storms over the North Pacific before they reach the United States.
The deployment was just in time for KEO to capture the air-sea interaction process underneath an intense
atmospheric river
that connected the western Pacific to the east and brought stormy weather and heavy precipitation to the Pacific Northwest.
KEO carries sensors for NOAA PMEL and partners from Japan and US academic institutions that measure surface air-sea heat and momentum fluxes, along with various oceanographic variables in the upper 525 meters and near the seafloor. New this year, the KEO-2022 mooring includes dissolved oxygen sensors, a nitrate sensor, and a testbed for new biodegradable “plastic-alternative” materials from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (
JAMSTEC
), the
University of Washington-Applied Physics Lab’
s bubble and acoustic observations, and a
moored CO2 system
.
KEO will also play a critical role in the Japanese national program “Middle-latitude atmosphere-ocean interaction hotspot in a changing climate system” (HotSpot-2), as an ocean observatory by providing a reliable platform for new sensors and the long-term, large-scale context of intensive field campaign observations.
Learn more about the research part of the Ocean Climate Stations program:
https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ocs/KEO
This work is funded by NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program to sustain in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
The KEO Climate Station deployment aboard the R/V Kiayo Maru #1 took about 6 hours. Data from this key climate observation moored buoy can be used to help improve weather and storm forecasts, inform climate projections and verify satellite products and models. Photo Credit: Patrick Berk/University of Washington and NOAA PMEL
The KEO Climate Station deployment aboard the R/V Kiayo Maru #1 took about 6 hours. Data from this key climate observation moored buoy can be used to help improve weather and storm forecasts, inform climate projections and verify satellite products and models. Photo Credit: Patrick Berk/University of Washington and NOAA PMEL
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Women in the Sciences Leadership Workshop Reaches 300 - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Women in the Sciences Leadership Workshop Reaches 300
Jessica Mkitarian
May 25, 2022
News
The Women in the Sciences Leadership Workshop series has been ongoing since 2018 and has now directly reached 300 women across the country and internationally. The “Building Leadership Skills for Success in the Scientific Workforce” workshop was founded by GOMO Program Manager Emily Smith and is sponsored by NOAA and the
Earth Science Women’s Network
. This series was born from a need for women in the sciences to have professional leadership and management training, especially at a time when women are still a minority in scientific leadership roles. Science is rarely done in isolation; in almost any position, leadership and management skills are an important contributor to success. Yet, these skills are seldom discussed as part of an academic education, and hardly, if ever, show up in professional trainings for scientists. This workshop is designed to provide techniques and foster skills in leadership and management for women in various scientific roles.
The 2022 cohort of 28 women met at the University of South Florida (USF) from May 12-13 to learn about their DISC profiles and how individual strengths could be used for better management. Workshop sessions also focused on emotional intelligence and how to give and receive feedback. All of the participants plan on taking back this information to their institutions (academia, nonprofits and federal agencies). USF published an
interview with two participants
to get their (all positive!) feedback on the workshop. The workshop leaders have now held four in-person workshops and two virtual ones during the pandemic, and plan to host the workshop in different geographic locations to reach more people across the country.
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Second Frontiers in Ocean Observing Supplement Published in Oceanography Magazine - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Second Frontiers in Ocean Observing Supplement Published in Oceanography Magazine
Jessica Gwinn
May 3, 2023
News
Cover of the Frontiers in Ocean Observing 2023 Supplement depicting several ocean observing platforms (moorings, autonomous underwater vehicles, CTD rosettes, and towed vehicles) that scientists use to sample and sense the ocean. Illustration by Natalie Renier (WHOI) as published by The Oceanography Society.
In March 2023, the second ocean observing supplement to
Oceanography
magazine was published.
Frontiers in Ocean Observing
:
Emerging Technologies for Understanding and Managing a Changing Ocean
describes new technologies and presents results of new research that can advance our understanding of the world ocean and its resources, and support sustainable ocean use and management. The supplement highlights work contributed by leading ocean observing scientists from around the world and encourages collaboration among researchers working across similar themes. Topics covered in the supplement align with the priorities of the
UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030)
, including 1) Ocean-Climate Nexus: Observations for Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal, 2) Ecosystems and Their Diversity: Patterns and Trends in Ocean Biodiversity Under Climate Change, 3) Ocean Pollutants: Assessing the Damage Caused by Marine Plastic Pollution, 4) Multi-Hazard Warning Systems: Ocean Observations for Coastal Hazard Warning, and 5) Technology: Environmental DNA. The 2023 supplement was notable for providing opportunities for early career scientists to serve as guest editors and receive mentorship from senior scientists, helping to pave the way for the next generation of leaders in the field of ocean observing.
The
Frontiers in Ocean Observing
supplement represents an international effort supported by NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (
GOMO
) in collaboration with other programs, including Ocean Networks Canada (
ONC
), and Partnerships for Observation of the Global Ocean (
POGO
). GOMO Program Manager Emily Smith serves on the Frontiers in Ocean Observing Executive Committee and helped procure funding, coordinated activities leading to publication of the supplement, and contributed as a guest editor of the
first ocean observing supplement
, published in 2021.
The 2023
Frontiers in Ocean Observing
supplement may be found at: Kappel, E.S., V. Cullen, M.J. Costello, L. Galgani, C. Gordó-Vilaseca, A. Govindarajan, S. Kouhi, C. Lavin, L. McCartin, J.D. Müller, B. Pirenne, T. Tanhua, Q. Zhao, and S. Zhao, eds. 2023.
Frontiers in Ocean Observing: Emerging Technologies for Understanding and Managing a Changing Ocean
. Oceanography 36(Supplement 1),
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.s1
.
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Biogeochemical Floats can be Used to Improve Measurements of Sea-Air CO2 Exchanges, Study Shows - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Biogeochemical Floats can be Used to Improve Measurements of Sea-Air CO2 Exchanges, Study Shows
Jessica Mkitarian
March 12, 2017
Ocean Climate Observation
Biogeochemical Floats can be Used to Improve Measurements of Sea-Air CO2 Exchanges, Study Shows
A study published as an early online release on
Global Biogeochemical Cycles
shows the value of calibrated biogeochemical floats for providing data measurements of surface ocean partial pressure of CO
2
( pCO
2sw
), which is measured to determine air-sea CO
2
exchanges.
A certain degree of uncertainty exists in calculating pCO
2sw
from float pH, but researchers in this study show well-calibrated biogeochemical floats can be used to improve measurements of sea-air carbon exchanges. These measurements can improve climate models and future projections.
Observations indicate that pCO
2sw
has increased globally with human caused CO
2
emissions. However, researchers have limited understanding of how the ocean and the atmosphere exchange anthropogenic CO
2
in many parts of the planet.
This study was supported by the
Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division
.
Read the paper
Abstract
More than 74 biogeochemical profiling floats that measure water column pH, oxygen, nitrate, fluorescence, and backscattering at 10-day intervals have been deployed throughout the Southern Ocean. Calculating the surface ocean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO
2sw
) from float pH has uncertainty contributions from the pH sensor, the alkalinity estimate, and carbonate system equilibrium constants, resulting in a relative standard uncertainty in pCO
2sw
of 2.4% (or 10 µatm at pCO
2sw
of 400 µatm). The calculated pCO
2sw
from several floats spanning a range of oceanographic regimes are compared to existing climatologies. In some locations, such as the Subantarctic zone, the float data closely match the climatologies, but in the Polar Antarctic Zone significantly higher pCO
2sw
are calculated in the wintertime implying a greater air-sea CO
2
efflux estimate. Our results based on four representative floats suggest that despite their uncertainty relative to direct measurements the float data can be used to improve estimates for air-sea carbon flux, as well as to increase knowledge of spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in this flux.
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Mixed-layer carbon cycling at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Mixed-layer carbon cycling at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory
Jessica Mkitarian
March 7, 2017
Ocean Climate Observation
Mixed-layer carbon cycling at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory
A study published in
Global Biogeochemical Cycles
contributes evidence that the Kuroshio Extension transition zone is a biological hot spot for carbon cycling within the North Pacific carbon sink region.
Researchers used data recorded over seven years at the
NOAA Kuroshio Extension Observatory
surface mooring in the North Pacific Ocean. NOAA maintains this mooring in addition to the Station Papa buoy near Alaska to measure carbon dioxide in the sea surface and atmospheric boundary layer.
Authors in this study stated that it is still unclear how other processes, such as ocean eddies, influence carbon cycling.
Physical and biological processes occurring in the ocean are responsible for continuously cycling carbon between the atmosphere and the ocean, which sequesters, or absorbs, a major part of the atmospheric carbon dioxide.
This study was supported by the
Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division
.
Read the paper
Abstract
Seven years of data from the NOAA Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) surface mooring, located in the North Pacific Ocean carbon sink region, were used to evaluate drivers of mixed-layer carbon cycling. A time-dependent mass balance approach relying on two carbon tracers was used to diagnostically evaluate how surface ocean processes influence mixed-layer carbon concentrations over the annual cycle. Results indicate that the annual physical carbon input is predominantly balanced by biological carbon uptake during the intense spring bloom. Net annual gas exchange that adds carbon to the mixed layer and the opposing influence of net precipitation that dilutes carbon concentrations make up smaller contributions to the annual mixed-layer carbon budget. Decomposing the biological term into annual net community production (aNCP) and calcium carbonate production (aCaCO3) yields 7 ± 3 mol C m−2 yr−1 aNCP and 0.5 ± 0.3 mol C m−2 yr−1 aCaCO3, giving an annually integrated particulate inorganic carbon to particulate organic carbon production ratio of 0.07 ± 0.05, as a lower limit. Although we find that vertical physical processes dominate carbon input to the mixed layer at KEO, it remains unclear how horizontal features, such as eddies, influence carbon production and export by altering nutrient supply as well as the depth of winter ventilation. Further research evaluating linkages between Kuroshio Extension jet instabilities, eddy activity, and nutrient supply mechanisms is needed to adequately characterize the drivers and sensitivities of carbon cycling near KEO.
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New Video Series from NOAA Ocean Today Explores the Role of Sea Ice in the Ocean - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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New Video Series from NOAA Ocean Today Explores the Role of Sea Ice in the Ocean
Jessica Mkitarian
February 21, 2013
Arctic Research Program
,
Ocean Climate Observation
New Video Series from NOAA Ocean Today Explores the Role of Sea Ice in the Ocean
The 2012 Arctic summer sea ice extent is the lowest since taking measurement. In a new three-part video series
from
NOAA Ocean Today
, learn about sea ice and why it is so important; how scientists are detecting and measuring change in sea ice; and the impacts of shrinking Arctic sea ice.
Part I:
What is sea ice and why is it shrinking?
Part II:
How do we measure ice?
Part III:
Shrinking ice: Impacts
CPO’s John Calder, Kathy Crane, Rebecca Lindsey, and Diane Stanitski contributed to the production of these videos. They are available for download on the
Ocean Today website
.
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Arctic Change Detection - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
,
Sea Ice
Category / Categories:
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
,
Regional Research
Arctic Change Detection
Principal Investigator(s):
Muyin Wang
Jim Overland
Project Institution(s):
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL)
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2021 - 09/30/2025
Partners and Affiliations:
PMEL, University of Washington/Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, & Ecosystem Studies (CICOES)
Determining the causes of Arctic extremes and their impacts
With the rapid decline of Arctic sea ice levels, there is a great need to understand impacts onset by these transformations amidst the shrinking timeline for necessary action. The Arctic Change Detection project at PMEL-University of Washington/ Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) aims to address the impacts of sea ice disappearance on climate by leading the development of advanced model assessments to assess how sea ice/atmospheric interactions are affecting current and future climate predictions.
The project’s goals are divided into two objectives. The first is providing an up-to-date Arctic change detection activity for NOAA that includes recognition of rapidly emerging Arctic change and identification of localized and global impacts. This includes communicating these findings to NOAA and the wider community, including policy makers, fisheries managers, and the public. The second is to improve NOAA’s operational sea ice and weather forecasting capabilities, translating in-situ observations, and modeling climate impacts affecting ecosystems, communities, and infrastructure on multiple time-scales. These activities contribute to the safety and economic development in the Alaska maritime and coastal region.
Project Data
Heat Data Portals
2017 Heat Data Portal
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2018 Heat Data Portal
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Publications and Reports
Ballinger, T.J., and J.E. Overland (2022): The Alaskan Arctic regime shift since 2017: A harbinger of years to come. Polar. Sci., 32, 100841
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Ballinger, T.J., J.E. Overland, R.L. Thoman, M. Wang, M.A. Webster, L.N. Boisvert, C.L. Parker, U.S. Bhatt, B. Brettschneider, E. Hanna, I. Hanssen-Bauer, S.-J. Kim, and J.E. Walsh (2022): Surface air temperature, in State of the Climate in 2021, The Arctic. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 103(8), S264–S267
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Ballinger, T.J., J.E. Overland, M. Wang, U.S. Bhatt, B. Brettschneider, E. Hanna, I. Hanssen-Bauer, S.-J. Kim, R.L. Thoman, and J.E. Walsh (2021): Surface air temperature, in Arctic Report Card 2021. T. A. Moon, M. L. Druckenmiller, and R. L.Thoman (eds.), doi: 10.25923/53xd-9k68.
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Chylek, P., C. Folland, J.D. Klett, M. Wang, N. Hengartner, G. Lesins, and M.K. Dubey (2022): Annual mean Arctic Amplification 1970–2020: Observed and simulated by CMIP6 climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 49(13), e2022GL099371, doi: 10.1029/2022GL099371.
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Logerwell, L., M. Wang, et al. (2022), Potential habitat gain and loss for epibenthic invertebrates of the Chukchi and Bering Seas, 2008–2100 Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography, 206.
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Overland, J.E. (2022): Arctic climate extremes. Atmosphere, 13(10), 1670, doi: 10.3390/atmos13101670.
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Overland, J.E. (2021): Causes of the record-breaking Pacific Northwest heatwave, late June 2021. Atmosphere, 12(11), 1434, doi: 10.3390/atmos12111434
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Overland, J.E. (2021): Rare events in the Arctic. Clim. Change, 168, 27, doi: 10.1007/s10584-021-03238-2.
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Overland, J.E., and M. Wang (2022): Frequency of winter coupled North Pacific/North America circulation regimes. Climate, 10(4), 54, doi: 10.3390/cli10040054.
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Overland, J.E., B.-M. Kim, and Y. Tachibana (2021): Communicating Arctic-midlatitude weather and ecosystem connections: Direct observations and sources of intermittency. Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 105006, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac25bc.
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Steele, M., H. Eicken, U. Bhatt, P. Bieniek, E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, H. Wiggins, B. Turner-Bogren, L. Hamilton, J. Little, F. Massonnet, W.N. Meier, J. Overland, M. Serreze, J. Stroeve, J. Walsh, and M. Wang (2021): Moving sea ice prediction forward via community intercomparison. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102(12), Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS), Sea Ice Prediction Network—Phase 2(SIPN2) January 2021 Workshop (virtual), January 21–22, 2021, E2226–E2228, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0159.1.
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Wang, S., Q. Wang, M. Wang, G. Lohmann, and F. Qiao (2022): Arctic Ocean freshwater in CMIP6 coupled models. Earth’s Future, 10, e2022EF002878, doi: 10.1029/2022EF002878.
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Zhang, C., A.F. Levine, M. Wang, C. Gentemann, C.W. Mordy, E.D. Cokelet, P.A. Browne, Q. Yang, N. Lawrence-Slavas, C. Meinig, G. Smith, A. Chiodi, D. Zhang, P. Stabeno, W. Wang, H. Ren, A. Peterson, S.N. Figueroa, M. Steele, N.P. Barton, A. Huang, and H.-C. Shin (2022): Evaluation of surface conditions from operational forecasts using in situ saildrone observations in the Pacific Arctic. Mon. Weather Rev., 150(6), 1437–1455, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-20-0379.1.
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Additional Links and Resources
AMAP 2021 Arctic Climate Change Update –
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ICOADS Historical Weather Data –
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