Regional Research Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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2022 Arctic Report Card
Principal Investigator(s):
Matthew Druckenmiller
Twila Moon
Rick Thoman
Fiscal Year:
2023
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U.S. Arctic Observing Network
Principal Investigator(s):
Sandy Starkweather
Fiscal Year:
2024
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Arctic Change Detection
Principal Investigator(s):
Muyin Wang
Jim Overland
Fiscal Year:
2023
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Distributed Biological Observatory- Northern Chukchi Integrated Study (DBO-NCIS)
Principal Investigator(s):
Robert Pickart
Fiscal Year:
2023
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The Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) Northern Chukchi Integrated Study (NCIS): Hydrography, Sediment, and Macrofaunal Population Dynamics Project
Principal Investigator(s):
Jacqueline Grebmeier
Lee Cooper
Fiscal Year:
2023
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Distribution and Prevalence of Harmful Algal Blooms in Arctic Waters
Principal Investigator(s):
Don Anderson
Fiscal Year:
2023
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Thermodynamic Processes and Forecasting in the Coupled Ocean-Ice Atmosphere System
Principal Investigator(s):
Chris Cox
Matthew Shupe
Fiscal Year:
2023
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Ecosystem Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (EcoFOCI)
Principal Investigator(s):
Phyliss Stabeno
Fiscal Year:
2023
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Coordination and Data Management of the U.S Interagency Arctic Buoy Program (IABP)
Principal Investigator(s):
Ignatius Rigor
Fiscal Year:
2023
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Building A Forecast System For Ocean and Ice Conditions Along the Northeast Passage and High Latitude Sea Route in the Arctic Ocean
Principal Investigator(s):
Jia Wang
Fiscal Year:
2023
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Arctic Sea Ice Observations: Seasonal Ice Mass Balance Buoys
Principal Investigator(s):
Donald Perovich
Fiscal Year:
2023
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Ocean Observing System Experiments for Tropical Pacific Observing System
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. Arun Kumar
Jieshun Zhu
Fiscal Year:
2025
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OceanSITES Data Management Enhancement - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
International Ocean Science
,
OceanSITES
Category / Categories:
Data Management & Analytics
OceanSITES Data Management Enhancement
Image Credit: NASA Goddard Space Center
Principal Investigator(s):
Eugene F. Burger
Dr. Meghan Cronin
Kevin M. O’Brien
Dr. Dongxiao Zhang
Project Institution(s):
NOAA National Weather Service - National Data Buoy Center
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023
Partners and Affiliations:
University of Washington / CICOES
OceanSITES, as an authoritative and trusted organization, seeks to better serve time series of global ocean observations obtained by projects from around the world. While the data formats are uniform, each individual project has its own mission objective and time frame, and most of the OceanSITES data are not served as long aggregated time-series. Though the OceanSITES community identified the long timeseries as the critical OceanSITES product, historically, these timeseries were not being sent to the GDAC.
The goal of this project is to improve the OceanSITES data systems for both data providers and data users, and in this way make the OceanSITES data more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR). By doing this, the OceanSITES data holdings will be increased through increased data submissions, and OceanSITES data will be more usable and more valuable. This effort will address these objectives through software development, establishing improved metadata interchange, reduced data submission overhead, effective data discovery and access.
Project Data
The OceanSITES data management capacity development effort is a software development effort, and does not produce any data. This effort develops capabilities and capacities used by the OceanSITES effort. For this reason, this project does not have its own data management plan, but to follow and enhance the OceanSITES data management plan.
Publications and Reports
Full Progress Report
Access
Visualization Resources
Ocean OPS – OceanSITES website –
Access
PMEL OceanSITES  Air Sea Flux Data Visualization –
Access
PMEL OceanSITES – Long Time Series Dashboard –
Access
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NOSTide Gauge Network - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Program:
Sea Level
Category / Categories:
Data Management & Analytics
NOSTide Gauge Network
Image Credit: PMEL
Principal Investigator(s):
Peter Stone
Robert Loesch
Eric Breuer
Jason Lehto
John Stepnowski
Project Institution(s):
NOAA National Ocean Service / CO-OPS
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) operates and maintains the National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) consisting of 210 long-term, continuously operating water level stations on all U.S. coasts, territories and in the Great Lakes. The operation of these stations, and their long period of record, is critical to understanding sea level rise and climate variability, both on a global and local scale.
Tide gauge records provide relative sea level trends critical for coastal zone management, engineering, and long-term planning and decision-making on a local and national scale. They also provide calibration for satellite altimeters to better understand and measure global sea level changes caused by thermal expansion and changes in freshwater input. While the period of record for satellite altimeters is relatively short, tide gauge records exist for several decades, giving us a better understanding of what changes we have seen, and how that reflects future variability in sea level due to climate change.
In the climate community, users of this data include climate researchers, NOAA and federal partners who use the information to develop climate mitigation strategies for coastal communities or for management decisions, coastal managers responsible for implementing climate change response and mitigation strategies, and the public who require local information to downscale global models information and develop local projections.
All CO-OPS data are available real-time, and products, including long-term trends and monthly and annual means, are available through the CO-OPS Tides and Currents website, and are archived at all three Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) archive centers. The data are also available through the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. Twenty-seven NWLON stations currently comprise the U.S. contribution to the GLOSS Core Network, and forty-five are part of the GLOSS-Long Term Trend (LTT) network. CO-OPS also supports the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) by providing on-line sea level trends and analysis for 114 international GLOSS-LTT stations (using internal funding), by operating and maintaining the GLOSS-ALT tide gauges at Oil Platform Harvest for satellite altimeter calibration and evaluation and by maintaining the long-term tide station in Bermuda as part of the GLOSS Core Network
The gallery below displays the installation of the La Jolla, CA cGNSS station in August, 2023 and the new level kits constructed by CO-OPS.
Project Gallery
GNSS antenna (right) installed on La Jolla Pier. Image Credit: Peter Stone, NOAA NOS
GNSS Receiver and electronics. Image Credit: Peter Stone, NOAA NOS
Plot of daily positions from La Jolla GNSS, Image Credit: NGS website
Construction of Leveling kits for GNSS Antenna Mounts. Image Credit: Peter Stone, NOAA NOS
Final Assembly of Leveling kits for GNSS Antenna Mounts. Image Credit: Peter Stone, NOAA NOS
Leveling Kits Ready for CO-OPS Field Crews. Image Credit: Peter Stone, NOAA NOS
Project Data
CO-OPS continued to ensure that its GNSS data was widely available to stakeholders and the international climate research community. GNSS data from all six stations is available through SONEL’s and NOAA/NGS websites. Information on the leveling tie to the nearby GLOSS water level station is also available on these sites and through contact with CO-OPS.
Since NGS is part of the US Government, and maintains their own GNSS observing system they handle all data management and stewardship for CO-OPS data.
GNSS data
CO-OPS Tides and Currents website
Access Data
University of Nevada Geodetic Lab
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Full Progress Report
Access
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Observing System Monitoring Center - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
International Ocean Science
Category / Categories:
Data Management & Analytics
Observing System Monitoring Center
Image Credit: NOAA PMEL
Principal Investigator(s):
Kevin O'Brien
Kevin J. Kern
Eugene Burger
Project Institution(s):
CICOES/University of Washington, National Data Buoy Center, PMEL
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023
The
Observing System Monitoring Center (OSMC)
project exists to join the discrete “networks” of
in situ
ocean observing platforms — ships, surface floats, profiling floats, tide gauges, etc. into a single, integrated system. The OSMC addresses this goal through capabilities in five areas: 1) it captures the real-time ocean data stream from the NOAA feed of the WMO Global Telecommunications System (GTS) into a database, and makes those data available at minimal delay to scientific end users through easy-to-use, service-oriented techniques; 2) it utilizes these data to compute metrics, indices and indicators of effectiveness of the observing system (the scientifically useful data it produces); 3) it strives to integrate the community of delayed-mode data assembly centers under a unified set of data services; 4) it provides real-time monitoring of ocean parameters measured by the integrated networks of in situ platform; and 5) it is working to improve near-real time data distribution via the GTS through the Open-GTS project. OSMC serves the real-time data, ingested into the OSMC from the GTS and other sources, to the public as an integrated, easy-to-use stream. The real-time data are served out via Web Services using the popular
ERDDAP
program from NOAA/NMFS. ERDDAP products include data in several popular delivery formats that can be accessed through web browsers and many desktop analysis or visualization tools. The OSMC project is working to unify access to the platform-focused, delayed-mode data assembly centers that perform quality assurance and quality control on the output on individual observing “networks”. The OSMC data integration strategy extends beyond in situ observations to include synthesis products, satellite observations and model outputs.
Through involvement in the GOOS Observations Coordination Group (OCG), OSMC is also bringing these data integration and interoperability ideas to the international community. The OSMC has also conceived, developed and implemented the Open-GTS project with support of the OCG. This project is designed to improve distribution and access of near-real time data to benefit both data producers and consumers, with particular focus on improving model forecasts and developing a better understanding of the value of in situ observations in the various forecasts. There is now a OCG data implementation strategy that is in development to improve data integration among the global networks, and to benefit international data efforts.
Project Data
The OSMC, as a data integration project itself, doesn’t create any data. We do, however, work with projects to ensure that they can meet the NOAA requirements for data access, documentation and archival. The OSMC is well-placed to help other GOMO projects which may be having difficulties meeting these requirements.
The OSMC project does provide interoperable access to real-time data from the GTS system, as well as delayed-mode data from the GOOS OCG networks as the federated ERDDAP focal point.
Data Product
Observing System Monitoring Center
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Full Progress Report
Access
Boyer, T., and Coauthors, 2023: Effects of the Pandemic on Observing the Global Ocean. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 104, E389–E410, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0210.1.
Access
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Capacity Building Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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OceanHackWeek
Principal Investigator(s):
Cath Mitchell
Fiscal Year:
2024
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Alaska Arctic Observatory and Knowledge Hub (AAOKH)
Principal Investigator(s):
Donna Hauser
Roberta Tuurraq Glenn-Borade
Fiscal Year:
2024
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Sandy Starkweather
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University of Hawai‘i Sea Level Center - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Sea Level
Category / Categories:
Data Management & Analytics
University of Hawai‘i Sea Level Center
Image Credit: NOAA / PIFSC / HMSRP
Principal Investigator(s):
Philip Thompson
Matthew Widlansky
Project Institution(s):
University of Hawai‘i and CIMAR
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023
The University of Hawai‘i Sea Level Center (UHSLC) ensures that water-level data from tide gauges around the world are collected, quality assessed, distributed, and archived for use in climate, oceanographic, ocean engineering, and geophysical research, as well as for operational purposes (e.g., tsunami and surge monitoring; satellite-altimeter drift monitoring; high-tide monitoring and forecasting). These GOMO-funded activities represent U.S. support for the international Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), which operates under the auspices of the Joint Collaborative Board (JCB) between the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC).
The UHSLC operates 84 tide-gauge stations, including approximately 20% of the active stations in the GLOSS core network (GCN, Figure 1), which is a widely distributed set of research-grade tide-gauge stations that form the ‘backbone’ of the global in-situ water-level observing network. UHSLC involvement in the international network assures that research-quality data are available from otherwise sparsely sampled areas of the global ocean, and that developing nations have access to training, technical support, and data processing services as needed. Near-real-time data from stations operated by the UHSLC are essential for monitoring and modeling efforts undertaken by NOAA/NWS tsunami warning centers. The UHSLC also maintains 12 continuous GPS receivers co-located with tide-gauge stations due to the importance of accounting for land motion when using tide-gauge data for satellite altimeter validation, as well as documenting the contributions of land motion to local sea-level trends.
Figure 1. Status of GLOSS Core Network stations in the UHSLC Fast Delivery database as of November 11, 2023
The UHSLC serves as a primary data assembly center in the GLOSS framework. UHSLC staff members coordinate monthly and yearly data collection from more than 60 international agencies to ensure that high-frequency data from over 500 globally distributed tide gauge stations flows continuously into the UHSLC data center. UHSLC databases focus on high-frequency tide gauge data that are essential for capturing the variability and impacts associated with tides, tsunamis, severe storm surges, and minor flooding episodes. A key benefit of having a data assembly center in a university setting is that UHSLC scientists actively utilize tide-gauge data for climate and oceanographic research, which provides ongoing assessments of data quality and develops new use cases for the data. The datasets are also widely used in the international research community with typically 50 to 100 peer-reviewed publications per year citing UHSLC datasets.
Photo of the new UHSLC tide gauge installed on the island of Ofu in the Manuʻa Islands, American Sāmoa. Image Credit: Philip Thompson
Project Data
UHSLC data management follows the implementation plan of the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), which operates under the auspices of the Joint Collaborative Board (JCB) between the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). The
GLOSS implementation plan
outlines how and where various tide gauge sea level datasets are stored and accessed from the GLOSS data centers.
Data & Products
UHSLC data access page
Access Data
UHSLC near-real-time data stations page
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Full Progress Report
Access
Dusek, G., W. V. Sweet, M. J. Widlansky, P. R. Thompson, and J. J. Marra, 2022: A novel statistical approach to predict seasonal high tide flooding. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 1073792, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1073792.
Access
Thompson, P. R., M. J. Widlansky, and Coauthors, 2022: Sea level variability and change [in “State of the Climate in 2019"]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 104, S146–S206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019342.
Access
Ray, R. D., M. J. Widlansky, A. S. Genz, P. R. Thompson, 2023: Offsets in tide-gauge reference levels detected by satellite altimetry: ten case studies. Journal of Geodesy, 97, 110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-023-01800-7.
Access
National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine (including P. R. Thompson on the 18-member peer-review panel), 2023: Review of the Draft Fifth National Climate Assessment. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
Access
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Ocean Climate & Weather Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Ocean Acidification Observations in Alaska (Distributed Biological Observatory)
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Distributed Biological Observatory- Northern Chukchi Integrated Study (DBO-NCIS)
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U.S. Arctic Observing Network - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
,
Capacity Building
Category / Categories:
Capacity Building
,
Regional Research
U.S. Arctic Observing Network
Arctic sunset. Arctic Ocean, north of western Russia.
Photographer: Mike Dunn, NC State Museum of Natural Sciences.

Credit: NOAA Climate Program Office, NABOS 2006 Expedition.
Principal Investigator(s):
Sandy Starkweather
Project Institution(s):
University of Colorado
Fiscal Year:
2024
Award Period:
10/01/2021 - 09/30/2023
Partners and Affiliations:
PSL/CIRES, NSF
Identifying actionable improvements to the national and pan-Arctic observing system
The
United States Arctic Observing Network (US AON)
is a collaboration-based initiative that promotes well-defined networks of sustained Arctic observations through partnership development and the advancement of shared planning processes and methods (e.g. Value Tree Analysis, VTA) within NOAA, across US Federal agencies and with other partners, nationally and internationally. The project aims to provide cross-agency coordination for federal efforts related to sustained Arctic observing in order to unify various Arctic observation efforts. This coordination is guided by the US AON Board (Federal-only funders), co-chaired by NOAA, NSF and NASA, with participation from DOI, DOE, EPA and DOD. Organizationally, US AON is the observing focal point of the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC), which is charged by Congress to coordinate all Federal agencies engaged in Arctic research. This initiative also advances the international Roadmap for Arctic Observing and Data Systems (ROADS) through Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON), and promotes partnership and community building. A fully developed US AON will promote collaborative use of Arctic research and operational products in order to fully understand the Arctic and Earth system in support of discovery and key public services.
A sample of a Value Tree Analysis (VTA) for the ARC2020, in support of Fundamental Understanding of Arctic Systems. Observing system value in support of the seven ARC Vital Signs propagates forward (left to right) through observation and model-derived data products, then Vital Signs to societal benefit. Color coding indicates a performance score for nodes (see insert), averaged across all uses; links are weighted (indicated by line thickness) based on their criticality to downstream value. The VTA indicates the Vital Signs were most relevant to the IAOAF Societal Benefit Area (SBA): Fundamental Understanding of Arctic Systems (composite score = 74), but also provided value to SBAs like Environmental Quality (not shown, 59) and Marine and Coastal Ecosystems and Processes
Project Data
Data Access
Value Tree Analysis (VTA) tool
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River Watch VTA Case study
Access Data
Arctic Report Card 2020 VTA Case study
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Publications and Reports
Chythlook C; Rudolf M; Biermann M; Eicken H; Starkweather S. “Research Networking Activities Support Sustained Coordinated Observations of Arctic Change.” Oceanography. 01 January 2022
Access
Starkweather S; Larsen JR; Kruemmel E; Eicken H; Arthurs D; Bradley AC; Carlo N; Christensen T; Daniel R; Danielsen F. “Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks’ (SAON) Roadmap for Arctic Observing and Data Systems (ROADS).” Arctic 74(5). 01 February 2022
Access
Short Statement for the Arctic Observing Summit
Access
Recent Presentations (AON)
OAA in the Arctic Seminar Series – October 2021
US National Committee to SAON – “No network is an island” Arctic Observing Network mapping exercise, May 2022
Research Networking Activity for Sustained, Coordinated Observations of Arctic Change (RNA CoObs) Annual PI meeting, September 2022
Recent Presentations (SAON & ROADS)
NOAA in the Arctic Seminar Series – October 2021
Arctic PASSION General Assembly June 25-29, Denmark – Pilot effort for the SAON ROADS process
COP26 US State Department Pavilion
Engaging on behalf of SAON in the International Conference on Arctic Research Planning IV, 2025
Keynote on SAON ROADS at the Arctic Observing Summit, Tromso, Norway (3/30/2022)
Panel discussion on Arctic Observing in Tromso, Norway (3/29/2022)
PICES 2021 Virtual Annual Meeting- Sandy Starkweather and Jan Rene Larsen (
Access Link
)
Virtual EU-PolarNet Workshop: Recommendations towards an Integrated Polar Observing System, June, 2022
Virtual Polar Data Forum, September 2022 – SAON ROADS and data systems
Workshop on UN Decade for Ocean Sciences, ARC GOOS and SAON ROADS – side meeting of Arctic Science Summit Week in Tromso, Norway (3/28/2022)
Additional Links & Resources
US AON Website –
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GO-SHIP Launches First GO-BGC Argo Float named Europa - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GO-SHIP Launches First GO-BGC Argo Float named Europa
Jessica Mkitarian
May 2, 2021
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
GO-SHIP Launches First GO-BGC Argo Float named Europa
The first biogeochemical Argo float of the new NSF-funded
GO-BGC
Array program was launched on March 24, 2021 by researchers onboard the GO-SHIP A20 Expedition in the Western North Atlantic. The float, named Europa, was adopted and named by the Fauquier County Public Schools in Warrenton, Virginia. A total of 12 floats will be deployed on the 2-leg cruise (A20 and A22), part of NOAA and NSF-funded U.S. Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (
U.S. GO-SHIP
).
The R/V Thomas G. Thompson departed from Woods Hole, Massachussettes on March 16, 2021, following the A20 track of the previous CLIVAR 2012 occupation (~52.5°W). The cruise arrived in the Virgin Islands for a brief stop before proceeding with the A22 line (~66°W). From the Caribbean Sea, the cruise will then head north, and end back in Woods Hole in mid-May 2021.
U.S. GO-SHIP is part of the
international GO-SHIP
program to carry out a systematic and global re-occupation of selected hydrographic sections to quantify changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO
2
), and related parameters, integrating the scientific needs of the carbon and hydrography/tracer communities.
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Glider Network - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GLIDER NETWORK
Underwater gliders provide a small long-range autonomous platform for long-term ocean measurements. Gliders generally operate for several months at a time. During these missions, the glider collects data using its instruments, including CTD sensors (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth), fluorometers, ADPs (Acoustic Doppler Profiler), backscatter sensors, ISUS (Nitrate) units, altimeters and acoustic modems for communicating with subsurface moorings. See the real time paths of
California’s Underwater Glider Network
by clicking the map on the left.
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Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GLOBAL TROPICAL MOORED BUOY ARRAY
Relevant Links
GTMBA Website
RAMA News
Data
The Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array Program is an international effort to provide data in real-time for climate research and forecasting. Major components include the
TAO/TRITON
array in the Pacific,
PIRATA
in the Atlantic, and
RAMA
in the Indian Ocean.
The Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array Program is a contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System (
GOOS
), Global Climate Observing System (
GCOS
), and the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (
GEOSS
).
PIRATA
The Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (
PIRATA
) Northeast Extension (
PNE
) is an extension of the original PIRATA array that was designed to study ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropical Atlantic that affect regional weather and climate variability on seasonal, interannual and longer time scales.
RAMA
The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (
RAMA
) was designed to study the Indian Ocean’s role in monsoons. One third of the world population depends on monsoon driven rainfall for agricultural production, so improving our understanding and ability to predict the monsoons has been a longstanding objective of the international scientific community. RAMA, the newest tropical buoy array, was initiated in the
traditionally data sparse Indian Ocean in 2004 following deployment of successful pilot scale arrays by Japan and India. RAMA has since grown through the formation of new partnerships that at present include Indonesia, China, the USA, and the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) program.
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Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream
Jessica Mkitarian
January 9, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream
On Saturday, December 14, 2019, two drifting buoys were deployed off
OceanX’s Alucia
ship in Miami to follow the Gulf Stream and track important ocean health and maritime safety conditions. Three more drifters are set to be deployed off the 184 foot research vessel over the next few weeks as it navigates to Lisbon, Portugal.
Ocean surface drifting buoys, also called drifters, measure sea surface temperature, wind, and atmospheric pressure.  The drifters currently being deployed from the Alucia also measure the period, height, and direction of surface waves. These
Directional Wave Spectra Drifters
are the first of their kind and the only observing tools in the open ocean measuring these physical properties of waves. There are currently about 100 of these wave drifters out of a total 1500 drifters of all types in the global array that is largely supported by NOAA Research. Data collected by drifters is sent in real-time via the
Global Telecommunication System
and helps researchers with models that predict oceanic trends, changing climate, and weather events such as hurricanes.
The five drifters on the Alucia will be deployed in the Gulf Stream, a powerful Western boundary current that transports heat from south to north in the Atlantic. The Gulf Stream influences temperatures and climate on the east coast of Florida and western European countries. Many countries depend on the Gulf Stream to transport goods, which makes this a prime location to study waves as they impact ship navigation and maritime safety.
Drifting buoys are part of NOAA’s
Global Drifter Program
, a joint program between NOAA and
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
at the University of California, San Diego. The Directional Wave Spectra Drifters were developed by the
Lagrangian Drifter Lab
at Scripps. Since their development, about 100 have been deployed in the ocean. Each year, NOAA deploys about 1000 drifters to maintain a global array of 1500 drifting buoys. In October 2018, five drifters were
deployed in front of Hurricane Michael
to help with hurricane forecast research.
The Global Drifter Program (GDP) is the largest component of the Global Surface Drifting Buoy Array, a branch of NOAA’s
Global Ocean Observing System
, supported by the
Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division
of NOAA Research. GDP is also a scientific project of the
Data Buoy Cooperation Panel
, an international program coordinating the use of autonomous data buoys to observe atmospheric and oceanographic conditions over ocean areas where few other measurements are taken. Over the last four decades, this program has supported the deployments of nearly 20,000 drifters.
For near real time data, check out Scripps’
drifter tracker
page.
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Ocean Reference Stations (OceanSITES) - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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OCEAN REFERENCE STATIONS (OceanSITES)
An important component of the global ocean observing system is fixed-point time-series observations at critical or representative locations.
OceanSITES
is an international group of investigators whose mission is to collect, deliver and promote the use of high-quality data from long-term, high-frequency observations at fixed locations in the open ocean.
GOMO currently supports the following OceanSITES moorings:
WHOTS
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (
HOT
) Site (
WHOTS
) is located about 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii in proximity to
Station ALOHA
(University of Hawaii). WHOTS samples the fully developed trade winds.
NTAS
The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (
NTAS
) lies in the region through which hurricanes that reach eastern North America track and where more accurate representation of how the ocean fuels the growth of those hurricanes is needed.
Stratus
The
Stratus
project aims to observe and understand air-sea interactions and the surface forcing in the region of the cold tongue/intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). It is located in a region under persistent marine stratus clouds where models continue to predict sea surface temperatures that are too warm.
CCE
The two moorings operating, called CCE (California Current Ecosystem)-1 and CCE-2, are located in the offshore core and the coastal upwelling regime of the California Current along CalCOFI (
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations
) line 80. The CCE moorings are intended to serve as an example and nucleus for enhanced autonomous observations of the California Current climate system, carbon cycle, ocean acidification processes, and ecosystem changes.
KEO
The Kuroshio Extension Observatory (
KEO
) is located in the North Pacific’s western boundary current region, which is characterized by extremely large ocean heat losses to the atmosphere, and
carbon dioxide
uptake by the ocean.
Papa
Station Papa
is located where an ocean weather ship was stationed from 1949-1981. Ocean measurements at Station Papa extend back more than six decades to 1956, making it one of the longest ocean data sets in the world.
SAM
The Southwest Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (
SAM
) project collects measurements of the ocean boundary currents in the western South Atlantic Ocean.  This project is the cornerstone of an international trans-basin array measuring key flows associated with climate impact on heatwaves, droughts, hurricane intensification and more.
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Global Drifter Program - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GLOBAL DRIFTER PROGRAM
The Global Drifter Program is the largest component of the Global Surface Drifting Buoy Array, a branch of NOAA’s
Global Ocean Observing System
(GOOS), and a scientific project of the
Data Buoy Cooperation Panel
(DBCP). Its objectives are to:
1. Maintain a global array of more than 1300 satellite-tracked surface drifting buoys to meet the need for an accurate and globally dense set of in-situ observations of mixed layer currents, sea surface temperature, atmospheric pressure, winds and salinity, and
2. Provide a data processing system for scientific use of these data.
Relevant Links
NOAA AOML Global Drifter Program
Scripps Lagrangian Drifter Lab
Data
GDP Drifter Data
News From the Global Drifter Program:
Drifting Buoys Track Hurricane Michael in the Gulf of Mexico
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New Release: 2021 Ocean Observing System Report Card - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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New Release: 2021 Ocean Observing System Report Card
Jessica Mkitarian
July 16, 2021
News
New Release: 2021 Ocean Observing System Report Card
The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Observations Coordination Group launched the new
Ocean Observing System Report Card 2021
on July 15, 2021. The Report Card provides insight into the status of the global ocean observing system, assessing networks’ progress, focusing on the challenges needed to keep improving this system, and encouraging collaborations and new partners to join the ocean observing community.
This year’s Report Card focuses on: 1) the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on ocean observation activities and the remarkable effort of the international community to carry-on observing operations under pandemic restrictions, 2) monitoring ocean oxygen and deoxygenation – vital to ocean health and marine resources, and 3) status of the global ocean observing system and the growth of the system (including US priorities for BGC and deep Argo) to meet key demands for ocean information. NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO), and its OAR lab and CI partners support and contribute to many of the networks highlighted in the Report Card, including Argo, the Global Drifter Program, the Tropical Pacific Observing System 2020, as well as community collaboration projects in the Arctic.
GOMO Director David Legler, Chair of the GOOS Observations Coordination Group, is quoted in the press release and features a “Call to Action” note in the Report Card: “This year the global ocean observing system has continued to progress and evolve despite the significant challenges of responding to a global pandemic. Looking ahead, we must continue to increase cooperation and coordination across the international community, engage more fully with the private sector, and integrate more the local communities in ocean observing.” You can read the
press release
or download the
Ocean Observing System Report Card
for details.
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New Report Outlines Vision for Ocean Carbon Research for Climate - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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New Report Outlines Vision for Ocean Carbon Research for Climate
Jessica Mkitarian
May 3, 2021
News
New Report Outlines Vision for Ocean Carbon Research for Climate
NOAA Scientist Contributes to UNESCO Report
NOAA has been at the forefront of ocean carbon research and observations for decades. Through programs like GO-SHIP and the Surface Ocean CO
2
Network supported by NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, scientists have deepened our knowledge of the global carbon cycle and the role of the ocean in climate.
NOAA AOML
scientist Rik Wanninkhof served as lead editor of the newly released
Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOC-R)
report, which outlines a plan forward for ocean carbon research that can benefit decision-makers who are planning for climate change mitigation and adaption policies in the coming decade. Excerpt below is from the
UNESCO Press Release
originally published 4-27-21.
In absorbing carbon dioxide (CO
2
), the oceans play a crucial role in regulating the climate, a role yet to be fully understood. However, the oceans’ ability to contribute to climate regulation may decline and even be reversed in the future. The oceans that are now the blue lungs of our planet, could end up contributing to global warming.
Integrated Ocean Carbon Research: A Summary of Ocean Carbon Knowledge and a Vision for Coordinated Ocean Carbon Research and Observations for the Next Decade
, a report newly published by UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) sets out to accomplish the vital task of studying the evolution of CO
2
uptake.
It presents a synthesis of the state of knowledge about the oceans’ role in the carbon cycle and points to the way ahead. Its objective is to provide decision-makers with the knowledge needed to develop climate change mitigation and adaptation policies for the coming decade.
The report also emphasizes the importance of scientific knowledge to the taking of informed decisions within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in order to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement and build more resilient societies.
The report highlights the role of the ocean since the industrial revolution as a sink for carbon generated by human activity. Indeed, without ocean and land sinks, atmospheric CO
2
levels would be close to 600 ppm (parts per million), 50% higher than the 410 ppm recorded in 2019, which is already well above the agreed target of limiting global warming to two degrees Celsius.
But there is a danger that this process will be reversed.  Instead of absorbing carbon, the oceans could contribute to the warming greenhouse effect of CO
2
emissions. The IOC report thus examines available observations and research to determine whether the oceans will continue to “help” humanity or whether they will turn against it, making mitigation and adaptation to warming more difficult.
The broader question is how humanity is altering the ocean carbon cycle, including through carbon dioxide removal schemes, and how this impacts marine ecosystems.
In developing the report, the IOC brought together experts from the five [1] international research and coordination programmes on ocean-climate interaction, which have been working together since 2018 in the IOC Working Group on Integrated Ocean Carbon Research (IOC-R).
Together they propose an innovative joint programme of medium- and long-term integrated ocean carbon research to fill the gaps in this field.
The report was developed as part of the ongoing UN Decade of Ocean Sciences for Sustainable Development (2021-2030).
“This is a unique opportunity to bring together all stakeholders around common scientific priorities. This integrated ocean carbon research (IOC-R) report emphasized the need for research to meet three key challenges of the
UN Ocean Decade
: unlocking ocean-based solutions to climate change, expanding the global ocean observing system, and delivering data, knowledge, and technology to all. Our knowledge gaps in these areas remain large and the challenges cannot be adequately addressed without  increased focus on improved understanding of the ocean through research.”
-Rik Wanninkhof, AOML Scientist and Editor for the IOC-R Report
[1] The International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (
IOCCP
), the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research Project (
IMBeR
), the Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (
SOLAS
), the Climate and Ocean Variability, Predictability and Change (
CLIVAR
) project and
the Global Carbon Project
.
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XBT Network - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) NETWORK
Boundary currents are critical elements in the global circulation and heat budget. Boundary currents carry mass, heat, freshwater and biogeochemical properties along their paths and into the ocean interior. The strength and variability of boundary currents affect the intensity of air-sea exchange of heat, moisture, and carbon and influence storm-track evolution and other extreme weather events. The global
High Density eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBT) Network
is an international effort that produces unique and high quality upper ocean temperature data across fixed repeat transects that, in conjunction with observations from other tools such as Argo floats and underwater gliders, monitor the variability of key ocean currents. XBTs monitor the variability of boundary currents, surface and subsurface currents, and basin-wide upper-ocean heat transport.
The XBT network is presently the main component of the global ocean observing system to provide long-term (>30 years) temperature sections to 800 meters depth across boundary currents and across ocean basins. XBTs are typically deployed every 20-30 kilometers at least four times per year along repeating coast-to-coast transects that resolve mesoscale variability and the major ocean boundary currents. Annually, between 10,000 to 15,000 XBTs are deployed globally, and their data are transmitted in real-time to ocean and weather forecast centers and submitted to data distribution centers. These data contribute to assessments of the state of the ocean, particularly of long term ocean variability, monitor boundary currents, fronts and eddies, provide continuous monitoring of meridional heat transport across ocean basins. XBT data provide in situ data for assimilating into and evaluating ocean and ocean-atmosphere models, which have been used to find links between changes of ocean currents and transports with extreme weather events, sea level changes, ecosystems, and fisheries.
Relevant Links
AOML XBT Network
Scripps Institution of Oceanography High Resolution XBT/CTD Network
Data
NOAA/NCEI
GTSPP
World Ocean Atlas
Global XBT data from international partners
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Argo Program - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Argo is now the
dominant source
of subsurface ocean data and has a
critical role
in the Global Ocean Observing System
The Argo Program was developed in 1999 and today supports a global array of almost 4,000 robotic profiling floats that measure the temperature and salinity of the upper 2,000 meters (1.2 miles) of the ocean. The Argo Program has an international reach with participation from close to 30 countries. This partnership allows, for the first time, constant monitoring of the temperature, salinity, and currents of the upper ocean.
Two new types of Argo floats are now being tested to dive down to a depth of 6,000 meters (3.7 miles) and to have additional sensors on them to collect information about the biology and the chemistry (oxygen, pH, nitrate, suspended particles, and downwelling irradiance) of the global ocean. Argo floats work on a 10-day cycle (see diagram). After 10 days, the floats rise to the ocean surface and send their data to satellites. This data is publicly available within hours after collection and used in research and forecasting across the globe.
Fun Fact:
The Argo Program is named after the Greek mythical ship Argo (captained by Jason) to emphasize the complementary relationship of Argo with the Jason satellite altimeters. Image Credit: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Understanding the Ocean’s Role in Earth’s Climate
Argo helps us observe our changing climate
Argo provides scientists with measurements of the evolving state of the upper ocean by collecting temperature and salinity profiles from the surface to 2,000 meters depth.
Real-time Argo data improves weather and climate forecasts through the assimilation of Argo data in ocean and coupled (ocean and atmosphere) forecast models.
Using Argo measurements, scientists can calculate how and where ocean heat content is changing. Since seawater expands as it warms, its contribution to sea level rise can also be estimated.
The Argo Program: Revolutionizing Global Ocean Science
NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program is a leader in the international Argo Program and currently supports new investments to develop floats that can measure the deep ocean and ocean chemistry, helping us better assess ocean health globally. The Argo Program has revolutionized our ability to track changes in the ocean with a global array of autonomous profiling floats, providing nearly four times the ocean information as all other observing tools combined.
Extreme Event Forecasting
GOMO supports observations and data collected from Argo floats and other ocean monitoring devices to improve extreme event forecast accuracy.
Supporting Innovation
GOMO has led NOAA to sponsor tests of new ocean observing technologies such as deep Argo floats to better understand important ocean changes like increasing heat content.
International Partnerships
Through international partnerships, GOMO supports capacity building workshops that train scientists in monitoring local ocean conditions, improving forecasts of tropical storms and saving lives.
Visualizing Argo Data
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography provides a list of Argo data sources. Data is collected and freely distributed by the International Argo Program and national programs that contribute to it. Click the link below to learn more.
View Data Sources
Meet Our U.S. Argo Program Partners
NOAA Program Offices
Academic Partners & Universities
Argo Program News & Resources
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
December 13, 2024
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On December 11th at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, a crowd gathered at the…
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Biden-Harris Administration, NOAA invest $1.8 million to expand critical ice and ocean observations in the Arctic
October 1, 2024
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Expanded infrastructure could ‘revolutionize’ research in the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. This is a…
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Floating ice, freezing temperatures: Four facts about the I08S GO-SHIP cruise to Antarctica
May 6, 2024
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This is a repost of NOAA AOML’s original story published May 2, 2024. Floating ice, freezing…
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Biden-Harris Administration invests $2.7 million to improve ocean observations with new robotic floats through Investing in America agenda
April 10, 2024
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Funding will support expansion of the Argo ocean observing system This is a repost of…
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From Mississippi to Australia: 3 Research Cruises Depart to Improve Understanding of the Atlantic and Southern Ocean
February 16, 2024
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This is a repost of NOAA AOML’s original story published February 13, 2024. Scientists at…
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New Education Resource: “Keeping An Eye On Earth’s Oceans With Argo Robots”
October 17, 2023
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GOMO-funded tech highlighted in Frontiers for Young Minds A new article was released in the…
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Do Your Part in Advancing Ocean Science
We support innovative research  from institutions from around the country that foster advancements in understanding and protecting our global oceans. See how you can get involved by viewing our current funding opportunities.
Current Funding Opportunities
GOMO HEADQUARTERS
1315 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910
gomo@noaa.gov
SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER
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By subscribing to this newsletter I acknowledge NOAA's privacy policy
ABOUT US
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
NOAA LINKS
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Disclaimer for External Links
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CONTACT US
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