NOAA’s Climate Program Office awards $22.3 million to advance climate science - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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NOAA’s Climate Program Office awards $22.3 million to advance climate science
Jessica Mkitarian
February 10, 2015
Uncategorized
NOAA’s Climate Program Office awards $22.3 million to advance climate science
NOAA’s Climate Program Office (CPO) has awarded more than $22.3 million to support 77 multi-year projects conducted by research partners.  With these new awards, CPO helps improve the breadth and scope of climate research, and offers opportunities for collaboration within and integration between programs. Potential research results will likely have impacts far beyond individual projects and funding programs.
“The nation and the world are increasingly more aware of the importance of having access to timely and relevant climate science and information, and CPO enables the shaping of that body of knowledge through its competitive grants,” said Wayne Higgins, director of NOAA’s Climate Program Office. “The awards range from local to global, and show the diversity of our program’s research portfolio. Whether it’s advancing global modeling, understanding Arctic processes or helping states and municipalities cope with drought, CPO is proud of its unique role in advancing scientific understanding.”
CPO manages competitive research programs which fund high-priority climate science, assessments, decision support research, outreach, education, and capacity-building activities. While each competition had its own focus, together they demonstrated the agency’s commitment to advancing integrated climate research and enhancing society’s ability to plan and respond to climate variability and climate change.
In FY 2014, the Climate Program Office awarded new grants through its four major grant programs:
The
Climate Observations and Monitoring Division (COM)
awarded more than $2.9 million to support 10 new multi-year projects.  This funding will support research to develop new data sets and information products that will help scientists, policy makers, and the public make complex sensitive climate-related decisions. New research will also improve understanding of key aspects of weather and climate extremes–events such as heat waves, droughts, and floods that have significant impacts on important natural and human systems like energy, agriculture, water, and human health. Other projects will focus on better understanding the important two-way relationship between the world’s oceans and climate, and pioneer development of a set of ocean climate indicators.
Earth System Science (ESS)
comprises two different programs—
Climate Variability & Predictability (CVP)
and
Atmospheric, Chemistry, Carbon Cycle, & Climate (AC4)
.
The
CVP program
awarded $3.1 million to support 7 multi-year projects from partnering institutions. CVP’s funding will help improve the understanding of tropical Pacific processes, observations, and climatology.
The
AC4 program
awarded $6.7 million to fund 17 projects focused on studying urban emissions, emissions from the U.S. Southeast, emissions from oil and gas extraction, and deposition processes.
The
Modeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections (MAPP)
program funded two distinct competitions this year.
MAPP
awarded $4.3 million to support 17 new multi-year projects in which university partners and federal researchers will work to improve our understanding of drought, and advance NOAA’s prediction and monitoring capabilities to better anticipate and respond to drought.
MAPP
also awarded $1.8 million to support 10 new multi-year projects designed to improve NOAA’s climate predictions from two weeks to a year in advance, including extreme conditions. These projects will contribute to the NOAA Climate Test Bed, aimed at accelerating research-based advances in climate prediction and transitioning new tools and techniques to NOAA’s operational services.
The
Climate and Societal Interactions (CSI)
program funded 16 new starts for $3.5 million.
The
Coastal and Ocean Climate Applications (COCA)
program addresses the needs of specific decision makers grappling with pressing climate-related issues in coastal and marine environments. COCA funded five new project starts for $1.1 million.
The
Regional Integrated Sciences & Assessments (RISA)
program supports research teams that help expand and build the nation’s capacity to prepare for and adapt to climate variability and change.  RISA and Assessments funded three new project starts for $423,000.
The
Sectoral Application Research Program (SARP)
aims to support stakeholders within key socioeconomic sectors such as water resources, agricultural, and health, who are grappling with pressing climate-related issues.  SARP funded five new project starts for $1.1 million to help support interdisciplinary research to advance understanding of how climate variability and change affect key socio-economic sectors. The projects will also aim to help promote the application of this new knowledge in climate-related decisions.
SARP’s Coping with Drought initiative
supports research projects that advance state-of-the-art drought planning, including scientific analyses of drought events, outlooks and risk assessments, management best practices, and addressing socioeconomic and institutional challenges.   The Coping with Drought initiative funded three new program starts for $883,124.
To learn more about the Climate Program Office’s funding opportunities, visit:
http://cpo.noaa.gov/GrantsandProjects.aspx
NOAA’s Climate Program Office helps improve understanding of climate variability and change in order to enhance society’s ability to plan and respond. NOAA provides science, data, and information that Americans want and need to understand how climate conditions are changing. Without NOAA’s long-term climate observing, monitoring, research, and modeling capabilities we couldn’t quantify where and how climate conditions have changed, nor could we predict where and how they’re likely to change.
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CPO-Supported Researcher Receives the 2013 Prince Albert I Medal - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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CPO-Supported Researcher Receives the 2013 Prince Albert I Medal
Jessica Mkitarian
July 29, 2013
Uncategorized
CPO-Supported Researcher Receives the 2013 Prince Albert I Medal
Professor Arnold Gordon, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, received the 2013 Prince Albert I Medal in Sweden on Wednesday, July 24 “for his outstanding contribution in observational oceanography and in particular for his work in defining the physical processes in the Southern Ocean and Indonesian Throughflow.” Gordon then presented the Albert I Memorial lecture entitled, “Large scale impact of the Indonesian Throughflow.” Dr. Gordon’s work in both the Indonesian Throughflow and the Weddell Sea is supported by NOAA’s Climate Observation Division.
In an article on the
International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans
website, Arnold L. Gordon is described as an individual who “epitomizes the golden age of physical oceanography as a fundamentally observational science.”
“Almost alone, he drove the observational program in the Southern Ocean (SO) in succession to the explorers of the early 20th Century. The recent emergence of the SO as a critical component of the climate system is testimony to Arnold’s foresight extending back nearly 50 years. The Eltanin observations, in particular, will be his monument. We owe most of our knowledge of the important oceanography of the Indonesian Archipelago to Arnold’s tenacity in overcoming scientific, logistical, and political obstacles. He pioneered studies of Agulhas eddies, in which his early use of satellite altimetry excited wider interest in this new technology.”
Read the
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online.
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Intro
Intro
0:00
Intro
0:00
Arctic warming trends continue
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Sea ice is thinning
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Seabirds and die-offs
Seabirds and die-offs
1:02
Seabirds and die-offs
1:02
Increasing rainfall
Increasing rainfall
1:38
Increasing rainfall
1:38
Extreme weather
Extreme weather
2:02
Extreme weather
2:02
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
2:12
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
2:12
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Chapters
Intro
Intro
0:00
Intro
0:00
Arctic warming trends continue
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Sea ice is thinning
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Seabirds and die-offs
Seabirds and die-offs
1:02
Seabirds and die-offs
1:02
Increasing rainfall
Increasing rainfall
1:38
Increasing rainfall
1:38
Extreme weather
Extreme weather
2:02
Extreme weather
2:02
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
2:12
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
2:12
Impacts to ecosystems and communities
Impacts to ecosystems and communities
2:28
Impacts to ecosystems and communities
2:28
Credits
Credits
3:00
Credits
3:00
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Description
Arctic Report Card 2022
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Arctic Report Card: Update for 2022 - Tracking recent environmental changes, with 15 essays prepared by an international team of 147 researchers from 11 different countries and an independent peer review organized by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Arctic Council.
#NOAA
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https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card
Additional credit: Murre carcass footage provided by Stacia Backensto, NPS

Video content:
00:00
- Intro
00:11
- Arctic warming trends continue
00:33
- Sea ice is thinning
00:41
- Increased ship traffic and its impacts
01:02
- Seabirds and die-offs
01:38
- Increasing rainfall
02:02
- Extreme weather
02:12
- Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
02:28
- Impacts to ecosystems and communities
03:00
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Variability and trends in surface seawater pCO2 and CO2 flux in the Pacific Ocean

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Geophysical Research Letters
Volume
44
,
Issue
11
Jun 2017
Pages
5247-5871
ARTICLE
Variability and trends in surface seawater
p
CO
2
and CO
2
flux in the Pacific Ocean
View article page
A. J. Sutton,
R. Wanninkhof,
C. L. Sabine,
R. A. Feely,
M. F. Cronin,
R. A. Weller
format_quote
CITE
©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073814
open_in_new
ISSN
0094-8276
eISSN
1944-8007
Online
27 June 2017
Accepted
23 May 2017
Revised
22 May 2017
Received
12 April 2017
Pages
5627
                    -
                    5636
Abstract
Variability and change in the ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
) have implications for future climate and ocean acidification. Measurements of surface seawater CO
2
partial pressure (
p
CO
2
) and wind speed from moored platforms are used to calculate high-resolution CO
2
flux time series. Here we use the moored CO
2
fluxes to examine variability and its drivers over a range of time scales at four locations in the Pacific Ocean. There are significant surface seawater
p
CO
2
, salinity, and wind speed trends in the North Pacific subtropical gyre, especially during winter and spring, which reduce CO
2
uptake over the 10 year record of this study. Starting in late 2013, elevated seawater
p
CO
2
values driven by warm anomalies cause this region to be a net annual CO
2
source for the first time in the observational record, demonstrating how climate forcing can influence the timing of an ocean region shift from CO
2
sink to source.
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Figure 1
Net annual CO2 flux (symbol color) and seasonal variability as measured by peak‐to‐peak amplitude of monthly CO2 flux climatology (symbol size) at the Papa, KEO, WHOTS, and Stratus moorings. Here we consider the full WHOTS time series to include pCO2 data from the Multidisciplinary Ocean Sensors for Environmental Analyses and Networks HALE‐ALOHA buoy deployed December 2004 to July 2007 at 22.8°N, 158.1°W and the WHOTS buoy deployed July 2007 to present at 22.7°N, 158.0°W. Mooring abbreviation, location, and dates of time series used in the analysis are listed next to each site.
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Figure 2
Seasonal and interannual variability of moored observations at WHOTS, Stratus, KEO, and Papa (rows from top to bottom). (a) Box and whisker plots (indicating the median, upper, and lower quartiles (box); 1.5 interquartile range of upper and lower quartiles (whisker); and outliers) for pCO2 at in situ SST and DIC. Mean monthly SST and SSS values are shown in orange. (b) High‐resolution CO2 flux observations versus day of year; color scale is progressively darker from past to present starting with light gray for 2004 observations to black for 2015 observations. (c) Monthly mean CO2 flux (with 18 month x axis to highlight the full annual cycle) using moored wind speed observations (black), CO2 flux using CCMP wind speed (blue; see supporting information), CO2 flux using NCEP‐2 wind speed (red dashed), and data‐based CO2 flux climatologies of Takahashi et al. [] (red solid).
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Figure 3
(a) Surface seawater pCO2 time series from station ALOHA 1988–2013 (blue), ALOHA 1989–2001 (orange‐outlined circles), ALOHA 2004–2014 (red‐outlined circles), and WHOTS 2004–2015 (black) with trend lines in same colors (observations after 13 November are not included in WHOTS trend analysis). Observations used in the trends shown here are not deseasoned. Dates are MM‐YY. (b) Monthly CO2 flux observations at WHOTS 2004–2015. Time axis corresponds to time axis in Figure a.
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Variability and trends in surface seawater
p
CO
2
and CO
2
ﬂ
ux
in the Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean
A. J. Sutton
1,2
, R. Wanninkhof
3
, C. L. Sabine
2
, R. A. Feely
2
, M. F. Cronin
2
,
and R. A. Weller
4
1
Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,
2
Paci
ﬁ
c
Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA,
3
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological
Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, Florida, USA,
4
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Abstract
Variability and change in the ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
) have
implications for future climate and ocean acidi
ﬁ
cation. Measurements of surface seawater CO
2
partial
pressure (
p
CO
2
) and wind speed from moored platforms are used to calculate high-resolution CO
2
ﬂ
ux time
series. Here we use the moored CO
2
ﬂ
uxes to examine variability and its drivers over a range of time scales at
four locations in the Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean. There are signi
ﬁ
cant surface seawater
p
CO
2
, salinity, and wind speed
trends in the North Paci
ﬁ
c subtropical gyre, especially during winter and spring, which reduce CO
2
uptake
over the 10 year record of this study. Starting in late 2013, elevated seawater
p
CO
2
values driven by warm
anomalies cause this region to be a net annual CO
2
source for the
ﬁ
rst time in the observational record,
demonstrating how climate forcing can in
ﬂ
uence the timing of an ocean region shift from CO
2
sink to source.
1. Introduction
The global ocean is a major sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
), absorbing approximately 27% of CO
2
emissions since the beginning of the industrial revolution [
Khatiwala et al.
, 2013;
Le Quéré et al.
, 2016]. Any
variation or change in the ocean CO
2
sink has implications for the climate system. For example, El Niño
–
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) induced CO
2
ﬂ
ux changes in the tropical Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean are the major source of
interannual variability in the net annual global ocean CO
2
sink and results in measureable impacts on atmo-
spheric CO
2
growth rates [
Feely et al.
, 2006;
Feely et al.
, 1999;
Rayner et al.
, 1999;
Wanninkhof et al.
, 2013].
Decadal-scale variability in the climate system has also been shown to in
ﬂ
uence CO
2
ﬂ
ux in the tropical
Paci
ﬁ
c [
Feely et al.
, 2006;
Ishii et al.
, 2009;
Sutton et al.
, 2014a;
Variability and trends in surface seawater
p
CO
2
and CO
2
ﬂ
ux
in the Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean
A. J. Sutton
1,2
, R. Wanninkhof
3
, C. L. Sabine
2
, R. A. Feely
2
, M. F. Cronin
2
,
and R. A. Weller
4
1
Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,
2
Paci
ﬁ
c
Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA,
3
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological
Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, Florida, USA,
4
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Abstract
Variability and change in the ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
) have
implications for future climate and ocean acidi
ﬁ
cation. Measurements of surface seawater CO
2
partial
pressure (
p
CO
2
) and wind speed from moored platforms are used to calculate high-resolution CO
2
ﬂ
ux time
series. Here we use the moored CO
2
ﬂ
uxes to examine variability and its drivers over a range of time scales at
four locations in the Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean. There are signi
ﬁ
cant surface seawater
p
CO
2
, salinity, and wind speed
trends in the North Paci
ﬁ
c subtropical gyre, especially during winter and spring, which reduce CO
2
uptake
over the 10 year record of this study. Starting in late 2013, elevated seawater
p
CO
2
values driven by warm
anomalies cause this region to be a net annual CO
2
source for the
ﬁ
rst time in the observational record,
demonstrating how climate forcing can in
ﬂ
uence the timing of an ocean region shift from CO
2
sink to source.
1. Introduction
The global ocean is a major sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
), absorbing approximately 27% of CO
2
emissions since the beginning of the industrial revolution [
Khatiwala et al.
, 2013;
Le Quéré et al.
, 2016]. Any
variation or change in the ocean CO
2
sink has implications for the climate system. For example, El Niño
–
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) induced CO
2
ﬂ
ux changes in the tropical Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean are the major source of
interannual variability in the net annual global ocean CO
2
sink and results in measureable impacts on atmo-
spheric CO
2
growth rates [
Feely et al.
, 2006;
Feely et al.
, 1999;
Rayner et al.
, 1999;
Wanninkhof et al.
, 2013].
Decadal-scale variability in the climate system has also been shown to in
ﬂ
uence CO
2
ﬂ
ux in the tropical
Paci
ﬁ
c [
Feely et al.
, 2006;
Ishii et al.
, 2009;
Sutton et al.
, 2014a;
Takahashi et al.
, 2003;
Wang et al.
, 2015],
North
Paci
ﬁ
c
[
Takahashi
et
al.
,
2006],
North
Atlantic
[
McKinley
et
al.
,
2011],
and
Southern
Ocean
[
Landschützer et al.
, 2015]. However, there remain signi
ﬁ
cant uncertainties in the magnitude of these varia-
tions in ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux and even disagreements as to the direction of sea-air CO
2
ﬂ
ux in some regions.
A part of this uncertainty is due to insuf
ﬁ
cient observing capacity for ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux over all time and space
scales. Observations of ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux have relied primarily on ship-based underway measurements of partial
pressure of CO
2
(
p
CO
2
). Within the last three decades, these observations have made it possible to determine
seasonal to interannual variability in global ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux and have contributed to a reduced uncertainty in
net annual ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux by 50% [
Bakker et al.
, 2016;
Landschützer et al.
, 2014;
Le Quéré et al.
, 2016;
Takahashi
et al.
, 2009;
Wanninkhof et al.
, 2013].
Another contributor to uncertainty in regional and global CO
2
ﬂ
ux estimates is insuf
ﬁ
cient understanding of
the complex and variable physical and biogeochemical processes that control CO
2
ﬂ
ux at subseasonal to
decadal time scales. Models have been effective tools for diagnosing these drivers [
Arruda et al.
, 2015;
Frölicher et al.
, 2014;
McKinley et al.
, 2016;
Nakano et al.
, 2011;
Pilcher et al.
, 2015;
Resplandy et al.
, 2015;
Rodgers et al.
, 2014;
Wanninkhof et al.
, 2013]. However, model validation has relied primarily on a limited
number of ship-based time series, and these comparisons have shown that models underestimate the seaso-
nal cycle of surface ocean
p
CO
2
by about 30% in the North Atlantic, North Paci
ﬁ
c, and Southern Ocean [
Sasse
et al.
, 2015]. New autonomous measurements of
Δ
p
CO
2
(seawater-air
p
CO
2
) on moored platforms now allow
for continuous, high-resolution observations of CO
2
ﬂ
ux that capture the full range of temporal variability at
key locations. These CO
2
ﬂ
ux time series paired with additional physical and biogeochemical observations on
the same platforms seek to characterize the natural and anthropogenic controls on CO
2
ﬂ
ux. These records of
daily to decadal patterns and trends in ocean biogeochemistry can address some of these remaining
SUTTON ET AL.
PACIFIC OCEAN CO
2
FLUX TRENDS
5627
PUBLICATIONS
Geophysical Research Letters
RESEARCH LETTER
10.1002/2017GL073814
Key Points:
•
High-resolution moored time series of
sea-air CO
2
ﬂ
ux reveal seasonal to
decadal variability in
ﬂ
uences
detection of anthropogenic trends
•
This natural variability tends to be
underestimated by models and
climatologies
•
Anomalous 2013-2015 North Paci
ﬁ
c
warming caused one moored location
to be a net CO
2
source for the
ﬁ
rst
time in the observational record
Supporting Information:
•
Supporting Information S1
Correspondence to:
A. J. Sutton,
adrienne.sutton@noaa.gov
Citation:
Sutton, A. J., R. Wanninkhof, C. L. Sabine,
R. A. Feely, M. F. Cronin, and R. A. Weller
(2017), Variability and trends in surface
seawater
p
CO
2
and CO
2
ﬂ
ux in the
Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean,
Geophys. Res. Lett.
,
44
,
5627
–
5636, doi:10.1002/2017GL073814.
Received 12 APR 2017
Accepted 23 MAY 2017
Accepted article online 30 MAY 2017
Published online 12 JUN 2017
©2017. American Geophysical Union.
All Rights Reserved.
uncertainties in ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux and provide expanded opportunities for validating surface ocean
p
CO
2
varia-
bility and change in Earth system models.
Here we calculate CO
2
ﬂ
ux from high-frequency mooring
Δ
p
CO
2
and wind speed observations on four ocean
reference moorings in different biomes of the Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean: Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO), Ocean
Station Papa, WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS), and Stratus. We present the physical and
biogeochemical drivers, seasonal to decadal patterns, and long-term trends in surface seawater
p
CO
2
and
CO
2
ﬂ
ux.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Moored Locations and Carbon Measurements
Surface seawater and marine boundary layer atmospheric
p
CO
2
have been measured on four open ocean
buoys in the Paci
ﬁ
c since as early as 2004: Papa, KEO, WHOTS, and Stratus (Figure 1). WHOTS and Stratus
are located in subtropical oligotrophic regions in the North and South Paci
ﬁ
c, respectively. KEO is located
in a region of the subtropical North Paci
ﬁ
c with large carbon export and biological production that also
experiences seasonal tropical cyclones. Papa is located in the subarctic North Paci
ﬁ
c, another region with
pronounced seasonality of physical and biological conditions. The mooring locations and time period of
moored observations used in this analysis are shown in Figure 1.
A Moored Autonomous
p
CO
2
(MAPCO
2
) system is deployed on each of the four surface buoys.
Sutton et al.
[2014b] provide a full description of MAPCO
2
system measurements and data processing. In brief, the
MAPCO
2
system utilizes an automated equilibrator-based gas collection system and an infrared gas analyzer
(LI-820, LI-COR
™
) calibrated before, during, and after
ﬁ
eld deployment with reference gases traceable to
World Meteorological Organization standards. This methodology is similar to the underway
p
CO
2
system
deployed on a global network of ships of opportunity [
Pierrot et al.
, 2009]. The MAPCO
2
system collects
3-hourly measurements of sea surface (~0.5 m depth) and marine boundary layer atmospheric (~1.5 m above
sea surface)
x
CO
2
(the mole fraction of CO
2
). Each
x
CO
2
measurement is paired with sea surface temperature
(SST) and salinity (SSS) collected by Sea-Bird Electronics SeaCATs
™
. Seawater and air
p
CO
2
(at in situ SST) is
calculated consistent with ocean CO
2
standard operating procedures [
Dickson et al.
, 2007;
Weiss
, 1974]. To
adjust for the temperature effect on seawater
p
CO
2
(+4.23% C

1
), seawater
p
CO
2
at mean SST is also calcu-
lated using the method of
Takahashi et al.
[2002]. Overall uncertainty of the MAPCO
2
is
<
2
μ
atm for seawater
and
<
1
μ
atm for air
p
CO
2
[
Sutton et al.
, 2014b].
Seawater
p
CO
2
, SST, and SSS measurements are also used to calculate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and
salinity normalized DIC (nDIC). First, total alkalinity (TA) is calculated based on the relationships with SST
and/or SSS developed by
Lee et al.
[2006] for WHOTS and Stratus (uncertainty ±8
μ
mol kg

1
), by
Fassbender et al.
[2016] for Papa (uncertainty ±3
μ
mol kg

1
), and by
Fassbender et al.
[2017] for KEO (uncer-
tainty ±6
μ
mol kg

1
). Seawater
p
CO
2
and TA are then used to calculate DIC in the MATLAB version (v1.1) of
CO2SYS [
van Heuven et al.
, 2011] with the carbonic acid dissociation constants of
Lueker et al.
[2000], sulfate
dissociation constants of
Dickson
[1990], and borate-to-salinity ratio of
Lee et al.
[2010]. DIC is then normalized
to a salinity of 35:
n
DIC = 35 × DIC/SSS.
2.2. Moored Winds and Wind Height Correction
Wind sensors are deployed on each mooring at ~3
–
4 m above the sea surface and measure wind speed every
1
–
10 min with an accuracy of 1
–
3% or at least 0.1 m s

1
[
Cronin et al.
, 2008;
Kubota et al.
, 2008;
Weller
, 2015].
Since buoy winds are only available at limited sites, CO
2
ﬂ
ux is commonly calculated using satellite wind
products. In the supporting information we compare the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) V2.0 wind
speed data
with the high-quality buoy
wind measurements used in this study.
NCEP-DOE
AMIP-II
Reanalysis 2 (NCEP-2) wind speed data were also used in order to directly compare moored
p
CO
2
ﬂ
ux to
the
Takahashi et al.
[2009] climatology (Figure 2c).
Wind speed is corrected to a height of 10 m above the sea surface using equation (1) derived from parame-
terizations of
Large and Pond
[1981]:
Geophysical Research Letters
10.1002/2017GL073814
SUTTON ET AL.
PACIFIC OCEAN CO
2
FLUX TRENDS
5628
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Wind Speed Influences Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Tropical North Atlantic - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Wind Speed Influences Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Tropical North Atlantic
Jessica Mkitarian
August 31, 2016
Uncategorized
Wind Speed Influences Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Tropical North Atlantic
A CPO-funded study found that wind speed variability associated with the
Atlantic Meridional Mode
contributes to anomalies in sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial
Atlantic and the Intertropical Convergence Zone
region. An early version of the study’s paper was published in the
Journal of Climate
.
Researchers analyzed sea surface temperature anomalies of the North Atlantic during 1982-2015 using satellite data, ocean and atmosphere reanalysis, and in situ measurements. Their analysis focused on anomalous sea surface cooling events in 2009 and 2015, as well an anomalous warming in 2010.
The paper states that the temperature anomalies in 2009, 2015, and 2010 may be related to pre-existing sea surface temperature irregularities along the equatorial region of the central tropical Atlantic. The paper also states it is important to study the observed anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic, considering that the strong cooling in 2009 led to severe flooding in Northeast Brazil and the anomalous warming in 2010 and 2015 resulted in normal rainfall.
Funded by the CPO’s
Climate Observation Division
, this research was led by researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder, the NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, and the Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies.
Abstract:
This study examines the causes of observed sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic between 1982 and 2015. The emphasis is on the boreal winter and spring seasons, when tropical Atlantic SSTs project strongly onto the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM). Results from a composite analysis of satellite and reanalysis data show important forcing of SST anomalies by wind-driven changes in mixed layer depth and shortwave radiation in the deep tropics (5°S–10°N), in addition to the well-known positive wind-evaporation-SST and shortwave radiation-SST feedbacks between 5°N–20°N. Anomalous surface winds also drive pronounced thermocline depth anomalies of opposite signs in the eastern equatorial Atlantic and intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ, 2°N–8°N). A major new finding is that there is strong event-to-event variability in the impact of thermocline depth on SST in the ITCZ region, in contrast to the more consistent relationship in the eastern equatorial Atlantic. Much stronger anomalies of meridional wind stress, thermocline depth, and vertical turbulent cooling are found in the ITCZ region during a negative AMM event in 2009 compared to a negative event in 2015 and a positive event in 2010, despite SST anomalies of similar magnitude in the early stages of each event. The larger anomalies in 2009 led to a much stronger and longer-lived event. Possible causes of the inconsistent relationship between thermocline depth and SST in the ITCZ region are discussed, including the preconditioning role of the winter cross-equatorial SST gradient.
Access the paper:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0867.1
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A milestone in advancing the physical science basis of climate variability and change - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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A milestone in advancing the physical science basis of climate variability and change
Jessica Mkitarian
September 27, 2013
Uncategorized
A milestone in advancing the physical science basis of climate variability and change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5
th
Assessment Report on “The Physical Science Basis” of climate change has been completed and will appear online on Sept. 30, 2013. This report represents a milestone in the understanding of the Earth system and climate science. Scientific research funded by NOAA’s Climate Program Office (CPO) is foundational to advancing IPCC reports. CPO supports climate science research reflected in the IPCC’s report through its Climate Observations and Monitoring (COM); Earth System Science (ESS); and Modeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections (MAPP) programs. These programs sponsor interdisciplinary collaborations involving NOAA labs and the external science community to extend the agency’s research and operational capabilities, and to improve scientific understanding, observations, and modeling of the climate system. This work is foundational to this first report of the IPCC’s 5
th
Assessment.
Working with academic, federal, and international partners, CPO’s COM program sustains ocean-wide observations of sea level, temperature, salinity, currents, chemical composition, and heat and gas exchanges with the atmosphere. These observations are essential to improving our understanding of the movement and budget of energy and matter within the climate system, and to advancing understanding of the processes that underlie climate variability and change.
Observational systems deployed and sustained by COM, as well as through ESS-sponsored field experiments (e.g., DYNAMO/CINDY in the Indian Ocean), improve understanding of climate processes. Insights and data from these observational systems and experiments enable advances in intra-seasonal to decadal climate prediction, contribute to the evolution of climate models, and provide initial conditions from which model runs can be started. Researchers funded by the MAPP and ESS programs work to develop models that better simulate historical and projected climate variability and change, and use the resulting simulations to analyze predicted changes over the next decade and projected changes over the 21
st
century.
The ESS program supports research related to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a major oceanic transporter of energy and matter. Scientists study the AMOC to better understand its role in long-term climate, potentially improving scientists’ ability to predict global climate on timescales ranging from a year to a decade. ESS supports research to understand AMOC mechanisms and variability in present-day and future scenarios.
The Arctic region has undergone rapid change over the past few decades. Understanding, observing, and modeling these changes is critical because of the region’s sensitivity to warming, as well as the United States’ geopolitical interests in the region. Additionally, there are connections between the Arctic and climate patterns elsewhere around the world.
COM’s Arctic Research Program (ARP) provides guidance and support for building, maintaining, and expanding the Arctic Observing Network. Heat, salt, freshwater, nutrient volume, and ecosystem fluxes are monitored in the Pacific Arctic. Ice extent and thickness and their impacts on Arctic biodiversity are also observed. Atmospheric climate observations including fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide are monitored at ten Arctic observatories around the Arctic Ocean. These activities are vital to scientists’ ability to detect climatic and environmental changes in near real time, and to understand how and why climate-related changes are amplified in the Arctic.  The data produced by ARP are critical to IPCC documentation of the physical and ecological state of the Arctic Ocean, its bordering seas, and adjacent coastal areas. In addition, the MAPP program funds research to improve model representation of Arctic sea ice to advance scientific understanding of climate variability in the region.
Changes in the concentration of human-produced greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere are at the core of all IPCC assessments. The scientific community’s understanding of how these gases and particles influence climate has grown with each report. ESS-sponsored collaborations involving NOAA scientists and academic researchers have enabled advances in quantifying poorly understood aerosol formations and their effects on clouds. Greenhouse gases have been monitored for decades by NOAA scientists via surface and aircraft measurements. Utilizing this data, ESS recently established a Carbon Tracker Science Team focused on delivering North American carbon fluxes for use as a benchmark for scientists and decision makers. Additionally, ESS supports studies that further improve understanding of the sources and sinks of all greenhouse gases as well as aerosols and their precursors.
Climate and Earth system models were used to inform the IPCC’s 5
th
Assessment. These models incorporate the effects of projected greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. Scientists used the models to develop projections of 21
st
century climate and experimental decadal predictions. Research funded by the MAPP program contributes to the development of climate and Earth system models and leverages data produced by the massive Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), an international effort under the auspices of the World Climate Research Program. With the CMIP5 resource, researchers perform analyses aimed at understanding model projections and associated uncertainties. The MAPP program organized a research
Task Force
to analyze the CMIP5 projections of North American climate conditions, which improves understanding of where and how climate is expected to change.  Additionally, their work shows how and where model simulations of Earth’s climate have become more accurate, and where more improvement in the models is still needed.  The Task Force’s findings provide critical information for the IPCC Assessment’s discussion of projected climate changes and model performance.
Understanding of North American climate, as simulated by models for the 20
th
and 21
st
centuries, is documented in a
special collection of new papers
published by the
Journal of Climate.
Utilizing CMIP5 data, Task Force
research evaluates model performance to better characterize uncertainty at regional scales, understand how model performance is changing over time, and explore model capabilities in simulating basic processes in the climate system. ESS- and MAPP-funded researchers are examining the prospects for decadal prediction considering predictability associated with AMOC and exploring potential prediction methodologies. Research projects are also focused on improving the representation of clouds in climate models. Observational platforms sponsored by the COM program are critical to all of the work described above.
CPO-funded scientific research is critical to observing, understanding, and modeling the climate system. To accomplish this work, CPO programs facilitate collaboration between NOAA’s scientific enterprise and the external scientific community. Major CPO partners include NOAA climate research laboratories, centers, and cooperative institutes; other national climate research institutes; and the academic community. CPO also partners with relevant programs at other U.S. agencies via the U.S. Global Change Research Program and World Climate Research Program.
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