About Us - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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We are all connected by a global ocean
Image Credit: NASA Johnson
Image Credit: NASA Johnson
Mission:
to provide and support high quality global ocean observations and research to improve our scientific understanding and inform society about the ocean’s role in environmental change.
Vision:
a resilient, innovative, and fully integrated global ocean observing system that benefits scientific research, fosters environmental stewardship and serves society.
Why do we observe the ocean?
Ocean observations are used in climate and weather prediction models and help us understand our changing ocean and its impact on the environment.
Increasing our knowledge of patterns, trends, and the state of the global ocean can help with prediction of hurricanes, interannual events such as El Niño, and even the 10-day weather forecast. Ocean observing research also helps with maritime safety and navigation, coastal planning, farming, and the blue economy. Our research informs policy and it helps improve the livelihood of communities from the Arctic to island nations. Read more about how our research informs
NOAA’s priorities
.
The Impact of our Work
GOMO provides highly impactful ocean observations,
advances new technologies, and expands our capabilities and community engagement that
shapes the ocean observing system of the future.
Our Accomplishments Report highlights some of GOMO’s activities over the past fiscal year and the impact of our
work.
Download the Report
We Support the Advancement of Ocean Science
GOMO provides support for institutions from around the country that foster advancements in understanding and protecting our global oceans. View the research projects that impact people, ecosystems, and the economy.
VIEW FUNDED PROJECTS
FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
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1315 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910
gomo@noaa.gov
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Meet our 2025 Knauss Fellow, Mary Beth Armstrong - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Meet our 2025 Knauss Fellow, Mary Beth Armstrong
Melissa Hiatt
March 3, 2025
People
,
People of GOMO
Following our annual tradition of hosting
Sea Grant Knauss Fellows
, this February the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program welcomed Mary Beth Armstrong!  Mary Beth (who goes by MB), comes to GOMO from the Virginia Sea Grant and is supporting the Arctic Research and Communications portfolios. MB is the 17th Knauss Fellows that the GOMO office has hosted since 2005! Get to know MB in the introductory blog below.
What made you apply for the Sea Grant Knauss Fellowship?
Throughout my education, I have focused on translating science for evidence-based decision making. I have blended traditional scientific training with projects that fostered decision-making grounded in data. After learning about the Knauss Fellowship, I knew it was a unique opportunity to further develop my commitment to science policy and communication by applying my background to help shape national research priorities or regulatory frameworks. I am particularly excited about the chance to engage across NOAA line offices, work directly with scientists to communicate the impacts of their research, and collaborate on solving pressing issues facing marine and coastal environments and communities.
What drew you to the GOMO office?
GOMO initially stood out to me for the unique portfolio I would have the opportunity to be engaged in. Hosting half of the world’s ocean observations, GOMO plays a critical role in global research. Being specifically involved in the Arctic Research Program allowed me to experience a program that ensures Arctic research is prioritized, communicated, and sustained. Additionally, GOMO also gives me the opportunity to work closely with NOAA scientists at the ground level while also collaborating at a higher strategic level through interagency partnerships. Having the opportunity to engage at both levels was not something offered by many other offices. Furthermore, after interviewing with the GOMO team, it was abundantly clear to me that the environment I would be coming into would be one of immense support and passion. Since joining, I have already been entrusted with leadership roles, encouraged to take part in numerous professional development opportunities, and rapidly expanded my network of research scientists and policy professionals across the US.
What do you like to do for fun? Do you have a favorite place in DC yet?
For the past four years, I have been involved in coaching high school debate, a passion of mine where I get to work with students to develop their argumentative skills. It’s something I plan to continue as long as I can. However, debate does commit my weekends to different tournaments across the US. Despite this, I have managed to explore a bit of DC. One of my favorite things to do is cook new recipes and try out new restaurants, which has been a fun way to experience the city. One of the highlights so far has been Perry’s, which has quickly become one of my favorites!
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NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
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NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
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From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic
January 14, 2025
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
December 13, 2024
Arctic tundra becoming source of carbon dioxide emissions: 2024 Arctic Report Card released
December 10, 2024
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Three ocean observing platforms that are keeping an eye on ocean heat - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Three ocean observing platforms that are keeping an eye on ocean heat
Allison Lepp
September 19, 2024
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
It’s no secret that our oceans are getting warmer.
Ocean heat
is a topic that spans across all of NOAA: from its influence on extreme weather events and Arctic sea-ice extent, to its impact on fisheries and marine ecosystems at all latitudes, it is clear that our ability to monitor the changes in ocean temperature is foundational to NOAA’s mission. While NOAA satellites are able to
measure ocean heat from space
, having instruments in the water (
in-situ
) to “ground-truth” those measurements is critical. That’s where NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO) comes in.
Thanks to collaborations with academic and cooperative institutes, technological advances arising from partnerships with the private sector, and invaluable insights from local and Indigenous community partners, GOMO is able to support and sustain continuous, long-term measurements of ocean temperatures that allow us to track how ocean temperatures are increasing in space and time.
There are many instruments in the ocean monitoring and observing toolkit, but they can be clustered into three categories, each gathering valuable measurements and generating data that collectively serve as a global ocean “thermometer.”
The ones we deploy from ships.
CTD Rosettes
CTD rosettes
are deployed from research vessels to measure conductivity (salinity), temperature, and depth. As the rosette descends through the water column, the attached bottles collect water samples from different depths. This allows for a comparison of ocean measurements, including heat, from the surface to the seafloor. Additional sensors that detect other useful oceanographic properties, like oxygen, pH, chlorophyll content, and water velocity, may be added to the rosette, allowing scientists to see how those components change with changing ocean temperature.
XBTs
Expendable bathythermographs
(XBTs) can take the temperature of the upper 1,000 meters of the ocean, and have been deployed from research vessels and other
Ships of Opportunity
for over 60 years! XBTs consist of a launcher, a long cable system, and a weighted probe that extends the cable system through the water. Copper wires within the cable system record temperature through the water, and deliver measurements of ocean heat back to the ship. Approximately 10,000 XBTs are deployed each year!
The ships themselves
NOAA’s
fleet of 15 ships
are homeported across the United States, from Hawai`i to Alaska, and California to Rhode Island. The geographic distribution and range of research capabilities on every ship enables support of NOAA’s oceanographic missions in each ocean basin. CTDs and XBTs are housed on many of NOAA’s ships, and several vessels can also sample ocean water while underway! This expanding fleet is paramount in collecting ocean data to monitor ocean temperatures.
The ones that stay in place.
Moored Buoys
You’ll need to look below the surface to fully appreciate the ocean monitoring abilities of GOMO’s moored buoys. These keystone instruments are composed of a floating buoy at the water’s surface that is tethered to the seafloor by a mooring line. Both components are outfitted with various sensors that measure temperature, among several other ocean variables, in the air, in the upper ocean, and through the water column. By
maintaining moored buoys
in the same location year upon year, we can observe changes in ocean temperature on a regional scale.
Tide Gauges
Ocean heat impacts sea level through
thermal expansion
– the growth of water molecules with increasing temperature. Tide gauges around the world measure the amount of sea-level change and help track changes in our coastlines. Long-term data from tide gauges have many applications, from guiding coastal community resilience strategies to informing coastal ecosystem conservation and management. Through the
Global Sea Level Observing System
, GOMO funds over 50 tide gauges across the world!
The ones that swim around the ocean.
Autonomous Vehicles
These robotic collectors of ocean data come in two flavors, autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). One example of an ASV is the Saildrone, which collects high-quality data of air and surface ocean conditions for up to a year! Ocean heat measurements from Saildrone are used to support
NOAA’s hurricane forecasts in the Atlantic
. Underwater, gliders are AUVs that have mini-CTDs built into their torpedo-shaped bodies. Glider missions may last up to six months, and through global and
regional networks
, these instruments are measuring heat at different depths in the ocean.
Argo Floats
Over three million profiles of ocean data have been collected by these autonomous profiling floats.
Since the program’s inception in 1999
, Argo float design has advanced to measure the deep ocean (down to 6,000 meters), and feature sensors that take biological and chemical measurements. Argo data are open and free to the public, and are used to test and calibrate ocean and climate models used for forecasting.
The Argo Program
has revolutionized our ability to track changes in the ocean, providing nearly four times the ocean information as all other observing tools combined.
Surface Drifters
Surface drifters are aptly named, as these instruments are placed in the ocean and left to drift in the water, guided by winds and surface currents. Today,
more than 1,300 satellite-tracked drifters
are out at sea collecting data on currents, atmospheric pressure, winds, waves, and salinity. They also measure sea surface temperature, which is a critical measurement needed to validate measurements of ocean heat taken from space (i.e., by satellites!). Students across the globe engage with oceanography and marine science through
NOAA’s Adopt a Drifter Program
, which provides lesson plans and GPS information to track an actual drifter!
These three categories of global ocean thermometers have generated billions of measurements in recent decades, and these measurements have been integral in determining where, why, and how quickly global ocean temperatures are rising. However, recent observations continue to challenge our understanding of important ocean-climate dynamics, like the
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
and the
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
. We still have much to learn about the complexities of a warming ocean and its impact on weather and climate across the globe. These observations highlight the critical need to continue supporting and expanding the network of global ocean “thermometers.”
Through GOMO, NOAA supports over one million ocean observations, including heat, every day!
Even so, vast regions of the global ocean remain
unmapped, unobserved, and unexplored
.
Learn more about ocean heat
, the different impacts it has on communities and ecosystems from the sea to the sky, and
GOMO’s contribution
to the global ocean observing system.
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Oceanic measurements of carbon dioxide continue to decrease, as reported in this year’s ocean carbon data atlas
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Adopt a Drifter Program releases a new educational game: Ocean Odyssey: Tracking Marine Debris
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Meet our 2025 Knauss Fellow, Mary Beth Armstrong
March 3, 2025
NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
January 16, 2025
From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic
January 14, 2025
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
December 13, 2024
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gomo@noaa.gov
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ABOUT US
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
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From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic
Allison Lepp
January 14, 2025
Arctic Research Program
,
News
,
Press Release
This is a repost of a
NOAA.gov web story
published on January 8, 2025. Modified February 14, 2025.
Today, NOAA released its
Arctic Vision and Strategy
— a framework that outlines actions needed to achieve more resilient ecosystems and communities in the region. The strategy depicts NOAA’s priority areas and current activities in the Arctic, while providing five-year strategies to strengthen and expand the agency’s leadership and impact in the region.
The strategy also highlights the importance of partnerships, including state, public and private sector partners and Indigenous communities, which are critical for NOAA to achieve its Arctic vision. These partners and communities are critical to the collection and exchange of environmental data and information needed to make informed decisions about security, protection and economic development in the Arctic.
“Through NOAA’s Arctic Vision and Strategy, we are aligning our agency’s actions and engagements to keep pace with the region’s rapid change and national interests.”
– Rick Spinrad, Ph.D., NOAA Administrator
A dire time for the Arctic.
The strategy arrives during a critical transition point for the Arctic, which is warming at approximately three times the global average. In 2024,
the Arctic tundra became a net source of carbon dioxide emissions for the first time on record
. This results in impacts that have a cascading effect on ecosystems, economies, weather and climate patterns worldwide.  That is why NOAA has initiated an effort to align its science, service and stewardship mission to address Arctic challenges, while strengthening community resilience and local economies.
“Businesses and communities — both domestically and internationally — are becoming increasingly invested in the Arctic, from understanding the region’s impact on global weather to pursuing sustainable economic development and enhancing national security,” said NOAA Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Fisheries, Kelly Kryc, Ph.D., who also serves as NOAA’s Senior Arctic Policy Lead.
3 pillars: Support, science and stewardship.
The strategy organizes NOAA’s efforts into three pillars and six priority goals to realize the vision of resilient communities, ecosystems and economies. These include:
Advancing environmental science,
which encompasses goals to strengthen foundational science, monitor and forecast sea ice and provide public and private sector decisionmakers with improved understanding of climate and ecosystem changes.
Promoting collaborative stewardship
to enhance our engagements with international, national, regional and local partners, including those we work with regarding coastal and marine ecosystem stewardship.
Supporting resilient communities
by working alongside Indigenous and rural communities on efforts to improve infrastructure, emergency preparedness and adaptation planning to advance healthy ecosystems and economic growth.
“Through NOAA’s Arctic Vision and Strategy, we are aligning our agency’s actions and engagements to keep pace with the region’s rapid change and national interests,” said NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad, Ph.D. “We stand ready with our partners, including Indigenous and local communities, to provide the science and research that societies need to make important decisions to achieve resilience in the face of extraordinary challenges and opportunities.”
The full strategy is available online at
arctic.noaa.gov
. Learn more about
NOAA’s work in the Arctic
.
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Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
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NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
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You might also be interested in:
Meet our 2025 Knauss Fellow, Mary Beth Armstrong
March 3, 2025
NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
January 16, 2025
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
December 13, 2024
Arctic tundra becoming source of carbon dioxide emissions: 2024 Arctic Report Card released
December 10, 2024
GOMO HEADQUARTERS
1315 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910
gomo@noaa.gov
SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER
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By subscribing to this newsletter I acknowledge NOAA's privacy policy
ABOUT US
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
NOAA LINKS
NOAA Privacy Statement
Web Accessibility Statement
Disclaimer for External Links
NOAA
CONTACT US
U.S. Department of Commerce
USA.gov
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NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
Kyla Kelly
January 16, 2025
Climate Monitoring
,
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
News
,
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry
DOWNLOAD PLAN
The Importance of Coordinated NOAA Research Ocean Carbon Science and Observations
On January 16th, 2025, NOAA Research released an
Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
. Ocean, coastal, and Great Lake carbon observations provide critical information that helps support the development of future climate projections, adaptation and mitigation strategies, and policies that inform decision makers and advance the
Blue Economy
. There is  a critical need to
observe and monitor our changing ocean
, especially given increasing national and international carbon observing directives on global carbon cycle topics such as
greenhouse gas monitoring
,
ocean acidification
, and the emerging
carbon dioxide removal
field. This Science Plan aims to provide improved coordination and optimization of NOAA Research ocean carbon observing activities.
The ocean carbon value chain. Both ocean carbon observations and data management support the creation of products, models, assessments, and, ultimately support end users and decision makers. In turn, the upper levels of the pyramid inform, improve, and amplify the impact of observations through observing system design and community co-design of observational objectives.
This subject-focused Science Plan is the first of its kind within NOAA Research, outlining and prioritizing scientific goals related to ocean carbon observing and providing coordination across NOAA Research and with intra-agency, interagency, and international partners. With extensive review and contributions by over 40 subject matter experts, this document represents what NOAA Research ocean carbon experts deem the most important ocean carbon scientific questions to answer over the next 10 years. This plan provides a framework and strategic direction for addressing these pressing scientific questions with regard to ocean carbon.
Some of the topics addressed in the plan include ocean carbon uptake and storage, ocean acidification, air-sea flux, data management, model and product development, and communication to end users, policy makers, and the general public. Parts of this plan were also informed by a landscape analysis of
federal carbon observing efforts
.
OAR supports the use of multiple technologies to sample oceanic carbon, including (a) oceanographic platforms  such as CTD-equipped research vessels and profiler-equipped moored buoys, (b) autonomous platforms such as gliders, floats, and surface vehicles, (c) commercial ships of opportunity, and (d) aircraft vertical profiles to collect ocean carbon and air-sea flux observations. These observations support global products, models, and forecasts. Modified from Sutton and Sabine 2023.
While this Science Plan focuses on NOAA Research’s ocean carbon activities, we envision it  serving as an actionable guide  for intra- and interagency partners (such as NSF, NASA, USGS, DOE, EPA, etc.) to identify potential areas of collaboration.
Strategic Scientific Goals
Subject matter experts have identified three goals to achieve over the next 10 years:
Goal 1: Observe Changes in the Ocean Carbon Cycle
Goal 2: Enhance Ocean Carbon Data Management, Models, and Services for Society
Goal 3: Expand Ocean Carbon Opportunities and Community Engagement
Goal 1: Observe Changes in the Ocean Carbon Cycle
Goal 2: Enhance Ocean Carbon Data Management, Models, and Services for Society
Goal 3: Expand Ocean Carbon Opportunities and Community Engagement
Quantify the ocean’s role in the global carbon cycle by assessing carbon reservoirs, sources, and sinks from the surface to the seafloor and by filling critical observation and knowledge gaps.
Serve as a trustworthy source of ocean carbon data, models, products, and information by improving ocean carbon data management practices, refining ocean carbon cycle models, and increasing the utility and timeliness of related products and services for society.
Collaborate with the global community to advance ocean carbon observing, develop human capacity to drive innovative science that is relevant to society, support outreach to external communities, and foster ocean literacy.
Each goal includes prioritized research questions, actionable objectives, and a roadmap of suggested actions that NOAA Research can use to work towards achieving these goals. These efforts support
NOAA’s mission
and will enable NOAA Research to deliver trusted ocean carbon observations and services for the nation and the world.
By better coordinating ocean carbon efforts, aligned with NOAA and U.S. government priorities, this plan aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of carbon observing, enhancing the nation’s ability to address environmental and ecosystem change. With a clear scientific direction, actionable objectives towards accomplishing ocean carbon observing goals, and enhanced coordination and communication provided by this plan, NOAA Research labs and programs will work towards advancing this 10-year vision for ocean, coastal, and Great Lake observing networks.
NOAA and partner institution scientists collect carbon samples from bottles with seawater. Image Credit: Leticia Barbero, CIMAS
An instrument deployed from a research vessel in the Arctic. Image Credit: Leticia Barbero, CIMAS
This Science Plan was developed and made possible by ocean, coast, and Great Lake carbon experts. The Executive Writing Team includes: GOMO Ocean Carbon Knauss Fellow and Program Managers Kyla Kelly, Alyse Larkin, and Kathy Tedesco, as well as David Munro (GML), Erica Ombres (OAP), Liza Wright-Fairbanks (OAP), Richard Feely (PMEL), Samantha Clevenger (OAP), and Elise Keister (OAP). Contributing authors included (in alphabetical order): Simone Alin (PMEL), Leticia Barbero (CIMAS), Chris Beaverson (OER), Eugene Burger (PMEL) Brendan Carter (PMEL), Sarah Cooley (OAP), John Dunne (GFDL), Reagan Errera (GLERL), Andrea Fassbender (PMEL), Dwight Gledhill (OAP), Liqing Jiang (CISESS), John Kochendorfer (ARL), David Legler (GOMO), Abby Letts (OER), Xiao Liu (GFDL), Sarah Nickford (IOOS), Kevin O’Brien (CICOES), Denis Pierot (AOML), Aaron Ramus (National Weather Service), Jonathan Sharp (CICOES), Adrienne Sutton (PMEL), Colm Sweeney (GML), and Samantha Wills (CPO). Feedback and review was provided by: Maciej Telszewski (IOCCP), Amanda Fay (Columbia University), Tim DeVries (U. of California, Santa Barbara), Annika Jersild (U. of Maryland), Britton Stephens (NCAR), Heather Heenehan (GOMO), Melissa Smuck (GOMO), Shelby Brunner (GLOS), Daniel Sandborn (U. of Minnesota/CICOES), Ralph Keeling (Scripps Institute of Oceanography), NOAA Research lab and program directors, the USGCRP Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group, the Interagency Working Group on Ocean Acidification, the NOAA Carbon Dioxide Removal Task Force, the NOAA Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Technical Team, and the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry program Scientific Steering Committee.
Edited 2/13/2025 to correct release date of the Science Plan
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December 13, 2024
Arctic tundra becoming source of carbon dioxide emissions: 2024 Arctic Report Card released
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Arctic tundra becoming source of carbon dioxide emissions: 2024 Arctic Report Card released - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Arctic tundra becoming source of carbon dioxide emissions: 2024 Arctic Report Card released
Jessica Mkitarian
December 10, 2024
Arctic Research Program
,
Climate Monitoring
,
News
,
Press Release
On December 10th, NOAA’s
2024 Arctic Report Card
was released at a press conference hosted by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) as part of its Fall Meeting. Opening remarks were provided by NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad. Lead editor Twila Moon provided a summary of the report and authors Lawrence Mudryk, Brendan Rogers and Lori Quakenbush provided remarks on their research. The Arctic Report Card is funded and coordinated by the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, Arctic Research Program. The website, video production, and graphics are led by NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and Climate Program Office. NOAA Communications coordinates the rollout and press for the Report Card.
Read the
NOAA press release
, which is reposted below:
After storing carbon dioxide in frozen soil for millennia, the Arctic tundra is being transformed by frequent wildfires into an overall source of carbon to the atmosphere, which is already absorbing record levels of heat-trapping fossil fuel pollution.
The transition of the Arctic from a carbon sink to a carbon source is one of the dramatic changes in the Arctic that are documented in
NOAA’s 2024 Arctic Report Card
. Climatic shifts are forcing plants, wildlife and the people that depend on them to rapidly adapt to a warmer, wetter and less certain world.
When including the impact of increased wildfire activity, the Arctic tundra region has shifted from storing carbon in the soil to becoming a carbon dioxide source. Circumpolar wildfire emissions have averaged 207 million tons of carbon per year since 2003. The Arctic remains a consistent methane source as well. (Image credit: NOAA)
Download Image
“Our observations now show that the Arctic tundra, which is experiencing warming and increased wildfire, is now emitting more carbon than it stores, which will worsen climate change impacts,” said NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad, Ph.D. “This is yet one more sign, predicted by scientists, of the consequences of inadequately reducing fossil fuel pollution.”
New research in the 2024 Arctic Report Card, contributed by 97 scientists from 11 countries, reveals record-setting observations that underlie ongoing changes emerging in the Arctic, which covers the lands and seas of the north polar region. They include:
Continuing high air temperatures and wildfires.
Declines of large inland caribou herds.
Increasing precipitation, including rain-on-snow events that coat the landscape in an icy shell, making travel difficult for people and foraging challenging for wildlife.
Populations of migratory Arctic tundra caribou have declined by 65% over the last 2-3 decades. Warmer temperatures, changes in winter snowfall, and an increasing human footprint stress Arctic caribou, altering their distribution, movements, survival and productivity. (Image credit: NOAA)
Download Image
Observations also reveal stark regional differences that make local and regional environmental shifts highly unpredictable for people, plants and animals.
“This year’s report demonstrates the urgent need for adaptation as climate conditions quickly change,” said Twila Moon, lead editor of the Arctic Report Card and deputy lead scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center. “Indigenous Knowledge and community-led research programs can inform successful responses to rapid Arctic changes.”
Tundra erodes into the Beaufort Sea near Pitt Point, exposing permafrost ice, in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. (Image credit: Craig McCaa/Bureau of Land Management)
Notable findings from the 2024 Arctic Report Card
In the air
Arctic annual surface air temperatures ranked second-warmest since 1900.
Autumn 2023 and summer 2024 were especially warm across the Arctic, with temperatures ranking 2nd and 3rd warmest, respectively.
An early August 2024 heatwave set all-time record daily temperatures in several northern Alaska and Canada communities.
The last nine years are the nine warmest on record in the Arctic.
Summer 2024 across the Arctic was the wettest on record.
In the ocean
In September 2024, the extent of Arctic sea ice, which has a profound influence on the polar environment, was the sixth-lowest in the 45-year satellite record.
All 18 of the lowest September minimum ice extents have occurred in the last 18 years.
Arctic Ocean regions that were ice-free in August have been warming at a rate of 0.5 degrees F (0.3 degrees C) per decade since 1982.
In most of the shallow seas that ring the Arctic Ocean, August mean sea surface temperatures were 3.6–7.2 degrees F (2–4 degrees C) warmer than 1991-2020 averages, while the Chukchi Sea were 1.8–7.2 degrees F (1–4 degrees C) cooler than average.
Plankton blooms — the base of the marine food chain — continue to increase in all Arctic regions, except for the Pacific Arctic, throughout the observational record of 2003–2024. However, in 2024, lower-than-average values were dominant across much of the Arctic.
Ice seal populations remain healthy in the Pacific Arctic, though their diets are shifting from Arctic cod to saffron cod with warming waters.
On land
When including the impact of increased wildfire activity, the Arctic tundra region has shifted from storing carbon in the soil to becoming a carbon source to the atmosphere. Circumpolar wildfire emissions have averaged 207 million tons of carbon per year since 2003.
The Arctic remains a consistent methane source.
Alaskan permafrost temperatures were the second warmest on record
Arctic migratory tundra caribou populations have declined by 65% over the last 2-3 decades. Though the generally smaller coastal herds of the western Arctic have seen some recovery over roughly the last decade, large inland caribou herds are continuing a long-term decline or remain at the lowest populations noted by Indigenous elders.
Summer heat impacts on caribou herds are projected to magnify over the next 25-75 years, requiring shared knowledge between scientists and Indigenous communities for management strategies.
Snow accumulation during the 2023-2024 winter was above average across both the Eurasian and North American Arctic.
Despite above-average snow accumulation, the snow season was the shortest in 26 years over portions of central and eastern Arctic Canada. Arctic snow melt is occurring 1-2 weeks earlier than historical conditions throughout May and June.
Greenland Ice Sheet mass loss was the lowest since 2013.
Tundra greenness, a measure of expanding shrub cover due to warming temperatures, ranked second highest in the 25-year satellite record.
“Many of the Arctic’s vital signs that we track are either setting or flirting with record-high or record-low values nearly every year,” said Gerald (J.J.) Frost, senior scientist with Alaska Biological Research, Inc. and veteran Arctic Report Card author. “This is an indication that recent extreme years are the result of long-term, persistent changes, and not the result of variability in the climate system.”
Climate, weather and water affect all life on our ocean planet.
NOAA’s mission
is to understand and predict our changing environment, from the deep sea to outer space, and to manage and conserve America’s coastal and marine resources.
Media contacts:
Theo Stein,
theo.stein@noaa.gov
, (303) 819-7409
Monica Allen,
monica.allen@noaa.gov
, (202) 379-6693
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Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
December 13, 2024
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Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the 'crown jewel' of ocean observing systems - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
Jessica Mkitarian
December 13, 2024
News
On December 11th at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, a crowd gathered at the NOAA Booth to celebrate two major accomplishments: the 25 year anniversary of the
Argo Program
and the milestone of collecting three million “data profiles” – snapshots of ocean information collected while these robotic floats dive through the water column. Over 25 years, Argo floats have collected four times the amount of ocean information than all other
ocean observing tools
combined!
NOAA Administrator Richard Spinrad, NOAA Research Assistant Administrator Steve Thur, NOAA National Ocean Service Assistant Administrator Nicole Leboeuf, NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program Director David Legler and Argo Program Manager Emily Smith spoke at the event about the Argo Program’s importance to NOAA’s mission and to global ocean science.
Pictured left, left to right: Molly Baringer (NOAA/AOML), Steve Thur, Richard Spinrad, Emily Smith, Nicole Leboeuf, and David Legler.
Hear what makes this ocean observing tool special to four of our scientists in an
interview story
on
NOAA Research
.
Learn all about Argo in the
NOAA.gov feature
, which is reposted below.
Somewhere in the middle of the ocean, a merchant mariner lowers a cylindrical robotic ocean observing instrument from a ship into the sea to record ocean temperature and salinity. Another instrument is deployed from a plane into the eye of a hurricane to take the pulse of the ocean during the storm. In Antarctic waters, a rounder float is released that will sink far deeper than the others, down to 3.7 miles (6,000 meters) below the sea surface. These three robotic floats are part of a fleet of nearly 4,000 that make up what is known as the global Argo “array.”
This month marks 25 years since
Argo
floats began drifting with currents and diving for data. The array has helped scientists to better understand changes in the ocean, improve climate and weather forecasts and ultimately help society prepare for environmental change.
This video shows an Argo float being deployed from the back hatch of an airplane. A parachute deploys to slow the Argo’s descent to the ocean surface where it can begin sampling ocean water. Credit: NOAA Research
.
Going where humans can’t
Once deployed into the ocean, Argo floats dive between one and nearly four miles deep to collect data and drift with currents. Every 10 days, the floats surface to transmit a “data profile” — a snapshot of ocean information captured by the floats during that period. Those data are transmitted by satellite to global data centers, where the information collected by the floats is
publicly available for free
. On average, floats last five years on battery life, collecting ocean information from hard-to-reach parts of the globe, and weather events that are too dangerous for humans to venture to, like hurricanes.
Graphic showing an Argo float’s 10 day mission cycle. (Image credit: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
The
Argo Program
is named after the Greek mythical ship Argo, which was captained by Jason, leader of the Argonauts. Argo was named to emphasize the complementary relationship between
Jason satellite products
and Argo floats. These floats have collected global ocean temperature and salinity data since the program’s inception in 1999. In the course of 25 years, that equates to more than three million data profiles, and four times the amount of ocean information than collected from all other ocean observing tools — like ships and moored buoys — combined.
The fleet is remarkably efficient, notes Gregory C. Johnson, an oceanographer from
NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
(PMEL), who has worked on Argo since 1999. Johnson calls Argo the “crown jewel” of open ocean observing systems, providing measurements year-round and in near real time. Remarkably, Johnson notes, “the entire Argo array consumes about 120 watts — that is about 60% of the power used by a single Sony PlayStation 5 when gaming.”
“Argo is for everyone. These data are freely available… don’t hesitate to be an explorer.”
– Andrea Fassbender, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) scientist
25 years of innovations in observations
The original Argo array consisted of core floats measuring temperature and salinity in the upper 1.2 miles (2,000 meters) of the ocean. In recent years, scientists and engineers have developed new capabilities and new types of floats that, together, make up a new full depth and multidisciplinary design called OneArgo, an ambitious expansion of Argo’s first design. In addition to Core floats, OneArgo includes biogeochemical and deep Argo floats.
Biogeochemical Argo
floats include more sensors to measure ocean variables that are critical for understanding and addressing environmental issues, like low oxygen levels and ocean acidification.
”When biogeochemical Argo reaches global coverage, we will, for the first time, be able to monitor on a global scale in real time the pH of the ocean,” says Emily Osborne, a scientist with
NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
. Monitoring ocean pH is particularly important for tracking the health of many marine organisms.
Deep Argo
floats extend the robots’ depth range to 3.7 miles (6,000 meters) below the ocean surface. The deep ocean is another place where the data scarcity is “outrageous,” says Susan Wijffels, a senior scientist with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, who has worked with Argo since 1999. Deep Argo’s first mission will map the deep ocean in detail, allowing scientists to better understand what controls deep ocean flows and then to track changes there.
To boost the expansion and impact of these sentinels of the sea, the Argo Program
received  $2.7 million in funding
in April 2024 to support the implementation of OneArgo. This funding will enhance observing capabilities in two key regions that are ecologically and economically important to the U.S.: the Gulf of Mexico and the California Current ecosystem.
“There will be a huge amount of science discoveries that come out of the OneArgo array when implemented,” says Wijffels.
In October 2024, GOMO’s Arctic Research Program received
$1.2 million for the expansion and enhancement
of the Argo float array into the Arctic, where data collection has been traditionally sparse.
“Improved understanding of the ocean means improved understanding of how best to harness it as a source of food, power, recreation, tourism and climate mitigation in ways that sustain these services and the ecosystems that many Americans value,” says Andrea Fassbender, a scientist at PMEL who began working with Argo data as a graduate student in 2012.
“Argo is for everyone. These data are freely available, as are many open-access tools for looking at the data,” says Fassbender. “Don’t hesitate to be an explorer.”
Deep SOLO float deployment from the R/V Kaʻimikai-O-Kanaloa in 2018. The Deep SOLO float was developed by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Instrument Development Group (SIO IDG), and this was the first Deep SOLO float to be deployed by NOAA Affiliates. (Image credit: NOAA)
Fun facts about Argo
Argo data is used in nearly 600 NOAA products, touching all of the goals in
NOAA’s strategic plan
(except for those related to space weather). The data are also used in more than 500 scientific publications annually — that means more than one scientific paper is published using Argo data every day!
26 countries participate in Argo’s international program, and NOAA is a leader among them. Through the
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program
(GOMO), NOAA funds half of the international Argo Program.
The Argo Program delivered 3 million temperature and salinity profiles in 25 years, which is four times the amount of ocean information collected from all other
ocean observing tools
combined.
Floating into the future
As we look back on a quarter century of Argo’s achievements, we also look ahead to the program’s potential to revolutionize our understanding of the global ocean — from the poles to the tropics, under ice and to new depths — at a time when the ocean is changing more rapidly than ever before.
With technological advancements and support for these ocean observations, the Argo Program will add new dimensions to ocean and climate research that improve seasonal to daily forecasts, support disaster preparedness and contribute to climate resilience in communities throughout the nation.
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January 14, 2025
Arctic tundra becoming source of carbon dioxide emissions: 2024 Arctic Report Card released
December 10, 2024
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Alyse Larkin
Program Manager
Email:
alyse.larkin@noaa.gov
Phone: (301) 388-5032
Alyse Larkin joined GOMO in December 2022 as a program manager for the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) network, the biological Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (Bio-GO-SHIP), and the ocean Carbon and biogeochemistry portfolios. She is excited to help academic, private sector, and governmental partners access the resources they need to better understand the global ocean.
Alyse’s academic and research background is in marine microbiology, oceanography, and bioinformatics. She received her B.A. in Environmental Studies from Vassar College and her Ph.D. in Marine Science and Conservation from Duke University. Additionally, Alyse completed postdoctoral training with Dr. Adam Martiny at the University of California, Irvine. During her Ph.D. and postdoc, Alyse worked with genomic “big data” to assess the interactions between marine microbiomes, ocean biogeochemistry, and environmental change.
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Ann-Christine Zinkann - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Ann-Christine Zinkann
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Phone: (301) 427-2470
Ann-Christine Zinkann joined NOAA in 2020 as a Sea Grant Knauss Fellow and continued her role as a program manager. Her portfolio includes Atlantic observing initiatives, the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) network, the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Observations Coordination Group (OCG) activities and metadata management with OceanOPS. Additionally, her work assesses ways to evolve the ocean observing systems so that they are agile and responsive to societal needs.
Ann’s academic background is in marine biology, food web dynamics and modeling, oceanography and stable isotope analysis. She received a Ph.D. in Marine Biology from the University of Alaska Fairbanks. During her academic career she has participated in a variety of research cruises in the Arctic, Antarctic and Atlantic Ocean.
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Cheyenne Stienbarger - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Cheyenne Stienbarger
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Email:
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Phone: (301) 427-2423
Cheyenne Stienbarger joined GOMO as a Knauss Marine Policy Fellow in 2020 and stayed on as a program manager. Her portfolio focuses on supporting the advancement of the Tropical Pacific Observing System, building scientific capacity in the Pacific Islands, and coordinating ocean observing activities under extreme events (e.g., hurricanes). She prioritizes people, partnerships, and trust-building across all aspects of her work with GOMO.
Cheyenne’s academic and research background is in marine biology and ecotoxicology. She received her B.S. in both Biology and Environmental Science from Evangel University and her M.S. in Marine Biology from the University of North Carolina – Wilmington. In her free time, Cheyenne enjoys traveling to new places, finding a new coffee shop, and spending time with her dog, Aspen.
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David Legler - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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David Legler
Director
Email:
david.legler@noaa.gov

Phone: (301) 427-2460
Dr. David M. Legler currently serves as the Director, Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program within NOAA’s Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. GOMO is leading NOAA’s efforts to develop and sustain a global in-situ ocean observing system and related products for researchers, forecasters, and other consumers of ocean knowledge. He is currently co-chair of the
GOOS
Observation Coordination Group (sponsored in part by  the World
Meteorological Organization-WMO
, and the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission – IOC
)) and co-chairs the US Interagency Ocean Observation Committee (IOOC).
Before coming to NOAA, Dr. Legler directed the US Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR – a program of the World Climate Research Program) Office. He has also served on numerous national and international committees addressing global ocean observations, ocean data assimilation, ocean data management, and climate research. He has published on a range of topics such as ocean remote sensing, air-sea interaction, and the impacts of ENSO on North American climate and subsequent economic effects on US agriculture and water resources.
David enjoys spending time with family and exploring the northern Virginia area by bicycle
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Emily Smith - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Emily Smith
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Phone: (301) 427-2463
Emily is the Program Manager of the US Argo Program, gliders in boundary currents, and ocean heat content products. This includes strategic planning for the observing systems and managing budgets.
Emily developed a series of Women in the Science Leadership workshops that ran from 2018-2024.
Emily has a B.S in Biology, a B.S. in Biology Education (both from University of Southern Mississippi), an M.Ed. in Secondary Education with an emphasis in Environmental Science from University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and a PhD in Oceanography from Louisiana State University.
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Jessica Snowden - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Jessica Snowden
Deputy Director
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Phone: (301) 427-2465
Jessica joins the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program as the first permanent deputy director in April 2020. She previously acted as deputy in 2019, while working for the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) where she spent over a decade helping to build the new IOOS program in NOAA. Jessica is a 2018 graduate of NOAA’s Leadership Competencies Development Program. Prior to joining NOAA, Jessica worked for Ocean.US, the coordinating office for U.S.IOOS. She also served as policy coordinator for the American Fisheries Society. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree in biology from the University of Delaware and a Master of Science degree in marine biology from the University of Maine.
Jessica is inspired by: the ocean scientists working to deliver on the mission and vision of GOMO; the power of bringing people together for a common goal; people who successfully garden; her strong-in-mind-body-and-spirit daughter.
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Kathy Tedesco - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Kathy Tedesco
Program Manager
Email:
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Phone: (303) 497-8620
Kathy is the GOMO Program Manager for Ocean Carbon Observations and XBTs. She arrived at NOAA in 2002 as a John A. Knauss Marine Policy Fellow in the Office of Global Programs (OGP) and served as Program Manager of OGP’s Global Carbon Cycle Program for the next 5 years. Following that post, she served as Director of the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO in Paris where she coordinated international ocean carbon research and observations.
Kathy received her B.S. in Geology from SUNY Stony Brook and her M.S. in Geological Oceanography from the University of Colorado, Boulder where her research focused on fluctuations in the Laurentide Ice Sheet and North Atlantic Heinrich Events during the Late Quaternary. Her Ph.D. research at the University of South Carolina was conducted as part of the CARIACO Times Series project where she examined the relationship between surface primary production, physical forcing variables, and marine sediments in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela and applied the paleoenvironmental proxies developed as part of the sediment trap experiment to reconstruct the Late Holocene climate for the circum-Caribbean region. She was awarded a USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Fellowship to establish a subsurface sediment trap time series station in the northern Gulf of America (formerly known as the Gulf of Mexico) to calibrate sedimentary properties to current hydrographic and meteorological conditions for application to the Holocene climate record of the region. Kathy has participated in over 25 educational, hydrographic and marine sediment cruises as an instructor, scientist and chief scientist.
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Cynthia Garcia - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Cynthia Garcia
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Cynthia Garcia is a Program Manager for GOMO’s Arctic Research Program (ARP), specializing in sea ice observations and data management and serving as the Coordinating Editor of the NOAA Arctic Report Card. Her research focuses on biogeochemical changes in marginal ice zones and coastal margins using satellite-derived measurements, including sea surface salinity observations from space in polar regions. As a program manager, she values data-driven decision-making and fostering collaborative research initiatives. Cynthia holds a Ph.D. in Earth and Environmental Sciences from the University of Illinois, Chicago, a Masters in Environmental Engineering from the Catholic University of Korea, and a B.S. in Biology from the University of the Philippines.
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David Allen - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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David Allen
Program Manager
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Phone: (301) 427-2493
David Allen joined GOMO in December 2019 as the Arctic Research Program Manager. David has worked in the DC metro area since he started work for the United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), 2003 to 2015. During his tenure at USGCRP, he focused on interagency and international research cooperation. He worked with colleagues from counterpart international agencies in support of international research projects such as Future Earth, the Belmont Forum, and the World Climate Research Program (WCRP). He also coordinated and led the national author nomination and review process for international assessments including the UNFCCC’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 4th and 5th assessment reports and the first World Ocean Assessment.
David has a bachelor’s degree from the University of Massachusetts at Boston where he was a sociology and pre-medical sciences major. He began his exploration of marine sciences in the Northeastern University East/West (now Three Seas) Marine Biology Program, and obtained a Master’s degree from the University of Washington School of Oceanography. It was at the University of Washington where David was introduced to the Arctic, where he worked on low temperature microbiology, including cruises aboard the USCGC Polar Sea and the Louis S. St. Laurent.
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Melissa Smuck - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Melissa Smuck
Program Manager
EMAIL: MELISSA.SMUCK@NOAA.GOV
Melissa joined GOMO in July 2024 as the Data Strategy Program Manager. She is excited to help foster greater program-wide consistency, interoperability, and accessibility of data to ultimately support improved data-driven decision making.
Melissa has a broad background in marine and coastal science and policy. Prior to joining GOMO, she worked as a Project Manager for the Texas Coastal Management Program at the Texas General Land Office. In that role, she led the development of the Texas Sediment Management Plan, served as project manager for coastal research and restoration grants, aided interagency policy efforts, and led agency efforts to improve databases and data products to support coastal project planning and environmental review.
Melissa earned her Ph.D. in Coastal and Marine System Science in 2021 from Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, where she worked at the Harte Research Institute. Her research used in-situ sensor and discrete sample data, including public data sources, to investigate the spatial and temporal trends and driving factors of carbonate chemistry in the Texas estuaries. She also holds a M.S. in Environmental Science from Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi and a B.S. in Biology from Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania.
In her free time, Melissa enjoys spending time with her family and her three dogs, cooking, painting, playing tennis, and being in nature.
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Sandy Lucas - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Sandy Lucas
Arctic Program Director
Email:
sandy.lucas@noaa.go
v
Phone:  (301) 734-1253
Dr. Sandy Lucas comes to GOMO after serving for the past 12 years as the Program Manager for the Climate Variability and Predictability Program in the Climate Program Office (CPO) at NOAA. During her time at CPO, Sandy managed a broad portfolio of scientific research including ocean-atmosphere interactions, global ocean circulation, understanding the Madden-Julian Oscillation, field campaigns, and predictability of the growth and loss of Arctic sea ice.
Sandy has a PhD in Atmospheric Sciences and a MS in Physical Oceanography from Stony Brook University, and a Bachelors of Science in Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Before joining NOAA in 2008, she worked at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Her interests focus on the ocean and the Arctic’s role in climate variability and change, science policy, and the transformation of research to relevant information for society to better plan, prepare and respond to a changing climate.
Sandy loves traveling, camping, reading, music and spending time with friends and family.
GOMO HEADQUARTERS
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Silver Spring, MD 20910
gomo@noaa.gov
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By subscribing to this newsletter I acknowledge NOAA's privacy policy
ABOUT US
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
NOAA LINKS
NOAA Privacy Statement
Web Accessibility Statement
Disclaimer for External Links
NOAA
CONTACT US
U.S. Department of Commerce
USA.gov
FOIA
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Customer Satisfaction Survey