Thermodynamic Processes and Forecasting in the Coupled Ocean-Ice Atmosphere System - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
,
Sea Ice
Category / Categories:
Regional Research
Thermodynamic Processes and Forecasting in the Coupled Ocean-Ice Atmosphere System
Principal Investigator(s):
Chris Cox
Matthew Shupe
Project Institution(s):
Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL)
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023
Partners and Affiliations:
Earth System Research Labs (ESRL), PSL
Improving Arctic Ocean observations to support sea ice forecasts
As a consequence of rising global temperatures, areas with permanent sea ice in the Arctic Ocean are melting into seasonal, thinning ice patches. This high melt activity is causing an array of changes to ripple throughout the Arctic and are particularly dramatic in sea shelves such as those surrounding Alaska. With these changes rapidly affecting the Arctic, there is a great need to provide information that can keep pace, especially those that support hazard-mitigation, sustainability of resources, and maritime safety.
The
Thermodynamics of Ocean-Ice Atmosphere System
project aims to advance sea ice and Arctic weather prediction modeling by establishing observation technologies that will support related forecast modeling within and outside of NOAA. These efforts target the dynamic and thermodynamic processes that regulate the transformation of ice. Areas of research include (i) modeling representations of coupled system processes, (ii) the causes, consequences, and predictability of extreme events; and (iii) the energetic exchanges between sea ice and the atmosphere that is associated with cyclones and air mass advection.
FIGURE 1: 2m-Skin Temperature (Celsius) Finding: 2-4 degC bias in seasonal means. 2.6 Linkages between Arctic/sub-Arctic atmospheric transport and sea ice anomalies. Task Lead: Chris Cox (NOAA), Contributor: Paul McKinley (Hollings Scholar)
Project Data
About MOSIAC Database
The Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (
MOSAiC
) was an international research expedition to study the physical, chemical, and biological processes that coupled the Arctic atmosphere, sea ice, ocean, and ecosystem.
During MOSAiC, Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL)  collected, transmitted, and hosted the following observations from multiple platforms: upwelling and downwelling shortwave and longwave radiation, meteorology, snow depth, surface skin temperature, geodetic information, 3d winds and gas concentrations (for eddy covariance calculations of turbulent latent and sensible heat flux), and snow conductive flux.
About AMOS Database
The Arctic Research Program and Physical Science Laboratory are conducting research using experimental observations made in collaboration with Navy. Working with the Naval Postgraduate School, the University of Washington, and NASA, a study is being conducted that identifies atmospheric subsidence as a mechanism for initiating sea ice melt and another that analyzes the freeze-up in the Beaufort Sea during former Typhoon Merbok in autumn 2022.
Project Datasets
Met City meteorological and surface flux measurements (Level 2, processed), Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), central Arctic, October 2019 – September 2020. Arctic Data Center
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #30 measurements (Level 2, processed), Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), central Arctic, October 2019 – September 2020. Arctic Data Center
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #40 measurements (Level 2, processed), Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), central Arctic, October 2019 – September 2020. Arctic Data Center
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #50 measurements (Level 2, processed), Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), central Arctic, October 2019 – September 2020. Arctic Data Center
Access Data
Met City meteorological and surface flux measurements (Level 3, final), Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), central Arctic, October 2019 – September 2020. Arctic Data Center
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #30 measurements (Level 3, final), Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), central Arctic, October 2019 – September 2020. Arctic Data Center
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #40 measurements (Level 3, final), Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), central Arctic, October 2019 – September 2020. Arctic Data Center
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #50 measurements (Level 3, final), Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), central Arctic, October 2019 – September 2020. Arctic Data Center
Access Data
Harmonized in-situ observations of surface energy fluxes and environmental drivers at 64 Arctic vegetation and glacier sites. PANGEA Bundled Publication. (*PART ONE)
Access Data
Harmonized in-situ observations of surface energy fluxes and environmental drivers at 64 Arctic vegetation and glacier sites. PANGEA Bundled Publication. (*PART TWO)
Access Data
Harmonized in-situ observations of surface energy fluxes and environmental drivers at 64 Arctic vegetation and glacier sites. PANGEA Bundled Publication. (*PART THREE)
Access Data
Harmonized in-situ observations of surface energy fluxes and environmental drivers at 64 Arctic vegetation and glacier sites. PANGEA Bundled Publication (*PART FOUR)
Access Data
Harmonized in-situ observations of surface energy fluxes and environmental drivers at 64 Arctic vegetation and glacier sites. PANGEA Bundled Publication  (*PART FIVE)
Access Data
Upward and downward broadband shortwave and longwave irradiance and downward diffuse and direct solar partitioning during the MOSAiC expedition. PANGEA.
Access Data
ShupeTurner cloud microphysics product. ARM Mobile Facility (MOS) MOSAiC (Drifting Obs – Study of Arctic Climate)
Access Data
MOSAiC Datasets
MOSAiC Database (download link)
Access Data
ArcticMet Data
ArcticMET Dataset
Access Data
10 meter tower (Level 1)
Access Data
10 meter tower (Level 2)
Access Data
10 meter tower (Level 3)
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station (ASFS) #30 (Level 1)
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station (ASFS) #30 (Level 2)
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station (ASFS) #30 (Level 3)
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station (ASFS) #40 (Level 1)
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station (ASFS) #40 (Level 2)
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station (ASFS) #40 (Level 3)
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station (ASFS) #50 (Level 1)
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station (ASFS) #50 (Level 2)
Access Data
Atmospheric Surface Flux Station (ASFS) #50 (Level 3)
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Lee, C.M., M. DeGrandpre, J. Guthrie, V. Hill, R. Kwok, J. Morison, C.J. Cox, H. Singh, T.P. Stanton, and J. Wilkinson. 2022. Emerging technologies and approaches for in situ, autonomous observing in the Arctic.
Oceanography
35(3–4):210–221, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.127.
Access
Calmer R., G. de Boer, J. Hamilton, D. Lawrence, M. Webster, N. Wright, M.D. Shupe, C. Cox, J. Cassano (2023) Perspectives on relationships between summertime surface albedo and melt pond fraction in the central Arctic Ocean from uncrewed aircraft systems, Elementa.
Access
Clemens-Sewall, D., C. Polashenski, M. M. Frey, C. J. Cox, M. A. Granskog, A. Macfarlane, S. W. Fons, J. Schmale, J. K. Hutchings, L. von Albedyll, D. Perovich (2023) Snow loss into leads in Arctic sea ice: Minimal in typical wintertime conditions, but high in exceptional conditions, Geophysical Research Letters
Access
Heinemann, G., L. Schefczyk, S. Willmes, M.D. Shupe, (2022), Verification of regional climate model simulations of near-surface variables for the MOSAiC winter period. Elementa, 10(1), https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00033
Access
Herrmannsdorfer, L., M. Mueller, M.D. Shupe, and P. Rostosky, (2023), Surface temperature comparison of the Arctic winter MOSAiC observations, EFA5 reanalysis and MODIS satellite retrieval. Elementa, 11:1, https://doi/org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00085
Access
Huang, Y, P.C. Taylor, F.G. Rose, D.A. Rutan, M.D. Shupe, M. Webster, M.M. Smith (2022), Towards a more realistic representation of surface albedo in NASA CERES-derived surface radiative fluxes: a comparison with the MOSAiC field campaign. Elementa, 10(1), https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00013
Access
Jozef, G., R. Rauterkus, J.J. Cassano, B. Maronga, G. de Boer, S. Dahlke, and C. Cox, (2023a), Derivation and compilation of atmospheric boundary layer properties relating to temperature, wind, stability, moisture, and surface radiation budget over the central Arctic sea ice during MOSAiC. Earth System Science Data.
Access
Jozef, G., J. Cassano, S. Dahlke, M. Dice, C.J. Cox, and G. de Boer (2023b), An overview of the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in the Central Arctic during MOSAiC. Elementa, submitted.
Access
Jozef, G., J.J. Cassano, S. Dahlke, M. Dice, C.J. Cox, and G. de Boer, (2023c), Thermodynamic and kinematic drivers of atmospheric boundary layer stability in the central Arctic during MOSAiC, Elementa, submitted.
Access
Jung, J. and J. Wilson (with contributions from T. Uttal) (2022), Year of Polar Prediction – Achievements and Impacts. Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7355088
Access
Kirbus, B., S. Tiedeck, A. Camplani, J. Chylik, S. Crewell, S. Dahlke, K. Ebell, I. Gorodetskaya, H. Griesche, D. Handorf, I. Hoeschel, M. Lauer, R. Neggers, J. Rueckert, M.D. Shupe, G. Spreen, A. Walbroel, M. Wendisch, A. Rinke (2023), Surface impacts and associated mechanisms of a moisture intrusion into the Arctic observed in mid-April 2020 during MOSAiC. Frontiers in Earth Science, 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1147848
Access
Lee, C., M. DeGrandpre, J. Guthrie, V. Hill, R. Kwok, J. Morison, C. Cox, H. Singh, T. Stanton, J. Wilkinson (2022): Emerging technologies for observing the Arctic Ocean. Oceanography, 35(3-4), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.127.
Access
Oehri et al. (inc S. Morris and C. Cox) (2022), Vegetation type is an important predictor of the arctic land surface energy budget, Nature Communications, 13, 6379, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34049-3
Access
Smith, M.M., B. Light, A. Macfarlane, D. Perovich, M.M. Holland, and M.D. Shupe, (2022), The sensitivity of the Arctic ice cover to surface scattering layers. Geophysical Research Letters. 49, e2022GL098349, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098349
Access
Wilson, J. et al. (inc T. Uttal) (2023), The YOPP Final Summit: Assessing past and forecasting future polar prediction research. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 104(3), E660-E665, https://doi.org/10/1175/BAMS-D-22-0282.1
Access
Publications Submitted for Review
Cox, C.J., M. Gallagher, M.D. Shupe, P.O.G. Persson, A. Solomon, C.W. Fairall, T. Ayers, B. Blomquist, I.M. Brooks, D. Costa, A. Grachev, D. Gottas, J. K. Hutchings, M. Kutchenreiter, J. Leach, S.M. Morris, V. Morris, J. Osborn, S. Pezoa, A. Preusser, L. Riihimaki, and T. Uttal (2023a), Continuous observations of the surface energy budget and meteorology over Arctic sea ice during MOSAiC,
Nature Scientific Data
.
Cox, C., A. Solomon, O. Persson, M. Shupe, M. Gallagher, V. Walden, M. Town, and D. Perovich (2023b), Resiliency of the sea ice to warming from early spring southerly advection.
To be submitted
,
Geophys. Res. Lett.
Cox, C., Z. Lawrence, and S. Dahlke (2023c), Linkages between anomalous mid-April warming at MOSAiC and the evolution of the 2020 polar vortex.
To be submitted
,
Elementa.
Day, J. et al. (inc T. Uttal, S. Morris) (
in prep
), The YOPP site Model Intercomparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP) phase 1: project overview and Arctic winter forecast evaluation.
Earth System Dynamics.
Guy, H., I.M. Brooks, D.D. Turner, C.J. Cox, P.M. Rowe, M.D. Shupe, V.P. Walden, and R.R. Neely III (2023) Observations of fog-aerosol interactions over central Greenland,
Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres
,
in review
.
Intrieri, J., A. Solomon, C.J. Cox, O. Persson, G. de Boer, M. Hughes, A. Capatondi, and M. Shupe (2023) Evaluation of the NOAA Experimental Coupled Arctic Forecast System (CAFS),
to be submitted
,
Frontiers
Morris, S.M. et al. (inc T. Uttal, C. Cox) (in prep) Special Observing Period (SOP) data for the Year of Polar Prediction site Model Intercomparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP),
Earth System Science Data
,
submitted
.
Neff, W., M.D. Shupe, C.J. Cox, and M. Gallagher (2023) Heat waves, hurricanes, atmospheric rivers, and the melting of Greenland,
Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres
,
in prep
.
Rabe et al. (inc. C.J. Cox, M.D. Shupe, O. Persson) (2023) The MOSAiC Distributed Network: an integrated system of autonomous ice-tethered buoys for multidisciplinary atmosphere, snow, ice and ocean observations,
Elementa
,
in prep
.
Riihimaki et al. (inc. C. Cox) (2023) Ocean Surface Radiation Best Practices,
Frontiers in Marine Science
,
in prep
.
Sledd, A., M. Shupe, A. Solomon, C. Cox, D. Perovich, and R. Lei (2023), Snow thermal conductivity and conductive fluxes in the Central Arctic: estimates from observations and implications for models.
Elementa
,
in prep
.
Solomon, A., M. D. Shupe, G. Svensson, N. P. Barton, Y. Batrak, E. Bazile, J. J. Day, J. D. Doyle, H. P. Frank, S. Keeley, T. Remes, M. Tolstykh (2022), An evaluation of short-term forecasts of wintertime boundary-layer and surface energy balance statistics in the Central Arctic.
Elementa
,
accepted
.
Thielke, L., M. Huntemann, G. Spreen, C.J. Cox, V. Ludwig, and M.D. Shupe (2023), Differences in sensible heat exchange based on satellite sub-footprint variability. Thesis chapter, PhD Dissertation, University of Bremen.
Uttal, T. et al. (inc S. Morris, C. Cox) (2023) Merged Observatory Data Files (MODFs): An integrated research data product supporting process oriented investigation and diagnostics.
Nature Scientific Data
,
submitted
.
Selected Presentations
Cox, C. and A. Solomon (2023), Assessment of P8 using observations from Utqiaġvik (Barrow), Alaska,
NWS-EMC Couple Global Modelling WG
, 1, February 2023, online.
Shupe, M. (2023) 2nd MOSAiC Conference Readout,
OAR Arctic All-Hands Meeting
, 10 March, 2023, online.
Additional Links and Resources
Arctic Mobile Observing System Website –
Access Link
MOSAiC Data Policy Statement –
Access Link
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Arctic Sea Ice Observations: Seasonal Ice Mass Balance Buoys - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
,
Sea Ice
Category / Categories:
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
,
Regional Research
,
Technology & Development
Arctic Sea Ice Observations: Seasonal Ice Mass Balance Buoys
Principal Investigator(s):
Donald Perovich
Project Institution(s):
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022
Partners and Affiliations:
NSF
How buoys reveal the story behind Arctic sea ice melt
With the rapid decline of Arctic sea ice levels, there is a great need to understand impacts onset by these transformations amidst the shrinking timeline for necessary action. “The Arctic Change Detection project at PMEL-University of Washington/ Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES) aims to address the impacts of sea ice disappearance on climate by leading the development of advanced model assessments to assess how sea ice/atmospheric interactions are affecting current and future climate predictions.
The project’s goals are divided into two objectives. The first is providing an up-to-date Arctic change detection activity for NOAA that includes recognition of rapidly emerging Arctic change and identification of localized and global impacts. This includes communicating these findings to NOAA and the wider community, including policy makers, fisheries managers, and the public. The second is to improve NOAA’s operational sea ice and weather forecasting capabilities, translating in-situ observations, and modeling climate impacts affecting ecosystems, communities, and infrastructure on multiple time-scales. These activities contribute to the safety and economic development in the Alaska maritime and coastal region.
About the buoys
Every September, two new ice mass balance buoys (affiliated with the Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project, the Arctic Observing Network and the International Arctic Buoy Program) are deployed in the Beaufort Sea. For this project, the team has developed a next generation Seasonal Ice Mass Balance buoy, that is a single, self-contained unit that floats to enable measurements in  younger, thinner sea ice that may not survive summer melt.
Project Data
Buoy Operation Periods
Measurements at the buoys are made every four hours and are immediately posted online. The operation periods for the buoys deployed in 2021, 2022, and 2023 are:
SIMB 2021-2: 9/04/2021– 11/07/2022
SIMB 2021-3: 9/05/2021 – 11/05/2022
SIMB 2021- 8: 03/05/2023 – present
SIMB 2021- 9: 03/05/2023 – present
SIMB 2021-10: 03/05/2023 – present
SIMB 2021-11: 03/05/2023 – present
SIMB 2022-6: 9/26/2022 – present
SIMB 2022-7: 9/25/2022 – present
Ice mass balance buoys
Current active buoys include:
SIMB 2022- 6
SIMB 2022- 7
SIMB 2021- 8
SIMB 2021- 9
SIMB 2021-10
SIMB 2021-11
Data Portal
Real-Time Ice-Mass Buoy Data Portal (Cryosphere Innovation)
Access Data
Active Buoy Data
SIMB 2021-8 live feed
Access Data
SIMB 2021-9 live feed
Access Data
SIMB 2021-10 live feed
Access Data
SIMB 2021-11 live feed
Access Data
SIMB 2022-6 live feed
Access Data
Retired Buoy Data
SIMB 2021-2 live feed (retired)
Access Data
SIMB 2021-3 live feed (retired)
Access Data
SIMB 2022-7 live feed (retired)
Access Data
CRREL-Dartmouth Buoy data prior to 2016
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Golden, K., L. Bennetts, E. Cherkaev, I. Eisenman, D. Feltham, C. Horvat, E. Hunke, C. Jones, D. Perovich, P. Ponte-Castaneda, C. Strong, D. Sulsky, and A. Wells, 2020, Modeling sea ice,
Notices Amer. Math. Soc.
, 67, 1535-1554.
Access
Mallett, R., J. Stroeve, M. Tsamados, R. Willatt, T. Newman, V. Nandan, J. Landy, P. Itkin, M. Oggier, M. Jaggi, and D. Perovich, Sub-kilometre scale distribution of snow depth on Arctic sea ice from Soviet drifting stations,
J. Glaciol.
, 68, 271, 1014 – 1026, doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.18
Access
Perovich, D. 2022. Ice mass balance buoys.
Oceanography
, doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.107
Access
Planck, C., D. Perovich, and B. Light, 2020: A synthesis of observations and models to assess changes to sea ice mass balance in the Beaufort Sea, J Geophys. Res., 125, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015833.
Access
Selected Presentations
Perovich, D., Sea ice, Early Career Workshop at the Year of Polar Prediction Final Summit, 2022.
Perovich, D.K., It’s a new Arctic Ocean, Lunch-time Polar Science, Brown University, 2022.
Additional Links and Resources
Arctic Report Card –
Access Link
GOMO HEADQUARTERS
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Silver Spring, MD 20910
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ABOUT US
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
NOAA LINKS
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Web Accessibility Statement
Disclaimer for External Links
NOAA
CONTACT US
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Customer Satisfaction Survey


Building A Forecast System For Ocean and Ice Conditions Along the Northeast Passage and High Latitude Sea Route in the Arctic Ocean - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
,
Sea Ice
Category / Categories:
Regional Research
Building A Forecast System For Ocean and Ice Conditions Along the Northeast Passage and High Latitude Sea Route in the Arctic Ocean
Principal Investigator(s):
Jia Wang
Project Institution(s):
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL)
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022
Partners and Affiliations:
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), University of Michigan
Improving Arctic ice forecasts critical to coastal communities, shipping, and safe navigation
The GLERL-CIGLR Arctic-sea routes nowcast/forecast System (GCAS) products aim at providing detailed information to Arctic marine managers, decision makers, commercial shipping and energy exploration industries for their decision making, management of Arctic resources and environmental protection. A preliminary GCAS with a 25-km Coupled Ice-Ocean Model (CIOM/IcePOM) for 5-day forecast in the entire Arctic, with a nested 4-km high-resolution model in the Chukchi-East Siberian-Laptev-Kara (CELK) seas was implemented. The daily forecast models are forced by NCEP FV3GFS to predict ice and ocean conditions for the next 5 days.
Project Data
Experimental Website
Experimental Nowcast/Forecast Website
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Cai, Q., D. Beletsky, J. Wang, and R. Lei, 2021. Interannual and decadal variability of Arctic summer sea ice associated with atmospheric teleconnection patterns during 1850- 2017.
J. Climate
, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0330.1
Access
Lin, Y-C, A. Fujisaki-Manome, and J. Wang, 2022. Recently Amplified Interannual Variability of Great Lakes Ice Cover and its Connection to Sea Ice over the Bering and Chukchi Seas.
J. Climate
, 35, 2683-2700, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0448.1
Access
Wang, J., A. Reiser*, A. Fujisaki-Manome, P. Chu, 2022. Development of Multi-Variable Regression Models for Hindcasting Arctic Summer Sea Ice Extent Using Six Teleconnection Patterns,
NOAA Technical Memorandum-178
, 105 pp. 139.
Access
Publications in Review
Summers, T., J. Wang, Y-C Lin, A. Fujisaki-Manome, and P. Chu, 2022. Hindcast of Arctic September Ice Cover Using Teleconnection Forcings, NOAA Technical Memorandum-xxx, pp. 81
Selected Presentations
Hu, H, A Manome, and J. Wang, Modeling landfast ice in the Bering and Chukchi Seas using CICE6. IAHR International Ice Symposium, June 2022, Montreal, Canada
Wang, J., Modeling the ice-attenuated waves in the Great Lakes, NOAA’s Ocean and Coastal Community Modeling Workshop, Oct. 19-21, 2021 (virtual)
Wang, J., Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory’s Arctic Research and Applications, NOAA Alaska and Arctic Seminar Series (virtual), October 19, 2021 (recorded)
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Coordination and Data Management of the U.S Interagency Arctic Buoy Program (IABP) - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
,
Sea Ice
Category / Categories:
Regional Research
Coordination and Data Management of the U.S Interagency Arctic Buoy Program (IABP)
Principal Investigator(s):
Ignatius Rigor
Project Institution(s):
University of Washington
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022
Partners and Affiliations:
PSC/APL/UW, CICOES, NSF
Providing fundamental observations of sea ice, surface meteorology, and oceanography to improve weather forecast and understand Arctic climate
The
U.S Interagency Arctic Buoy Program
(IABP)
strives to maintain a network of buoys with a spacing of less than 250 km, or more than 200 buoys spread across the Arctic Ocean. These buoys are essential for predicting weather and temperature anomalies, which rely on in-situ observations of surface meteorology and oceanography. Collected observations  are also used for Numerical Weather Prediction models to forecast weather and sea ice conditions, contribute to long-term atmospheric reanalysis data useful for multiple climate studies, validate satellite-derived estimates of sea ice motion, temperature, sea ice thickness, etc., among other uses. These observations provide the longest continuing record for the Arctic and have been one of the cornerstones for environmental forecasting and studies of climate and climate change.
Project Website
Project Gallery
Arctic Observing Experiment (AOX) IABP buoy test site at the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement in Utqiagvik, Alaska on January 25, 2021 as the sun first rose from the polar night.
SVP-B and Ice Ball deployed at the North Pole by the scientists and crew aboard the Le Commandant Charcot.
Map of buoys reporting from the Arctic Ocean on October 21, 2022.
A map of the standard deviation of sea level pressure measurements from various atmospheric reanalysis.
Map of all observations available on the WMO/IOC GTS on November 30, 2022.
Project Data
About The IABP Database
Buoy data files are updated daily and made available individually via the links below. Values provided are confined to surface temperature, atmospheric temperature, and barometric pressure when these values are available. All buoy files contain at least a date and position. Buoys that are no longer reporting remain available on the main IABP data website:
Project Datasets
IABP Data Portal
Access Data
ALL Raw Buoy Data
Access Data
Metadata & Tables
Access Data
Level 1 Arctic Data (updated daily)
Access Data
Level 1 Antarctic Data (updated daily)
Access Data
Level 2 Data (not finalized)
Access Data
Daily Full Resolution Data (updated daily)
Access Data
All Data Reports
Access Data
Archived Datasets
Coordination, Data Management and Enhancement of the IABP [1979-2012]
Access Data
Coordination, Data Management and Enhancement of the IABP [2013-2016]
Access Data
IABP AB Dataset [2013-2016]: 12-hourly gridded surface air pressure
Access Data
IABP C Dataset [2013-2016]: 12-Hourly positions from buoys
Access Data
IABP D Dataset [2013-2016]: gridded sea ice velocity fields from buoys
Access Data
Retired buoy data (raw)
Access Data
ALL 3 hourly buoy data
Access Data
Maps & Tables
Arctic Buoy Map (updated daily)
Access Data
Arctic Table (updated daily)
Access Data
Ocean/Ice Buoy Map (updated daily)
Access Data
Publications and Reports
FULL PROJECT PUBLICATIONS LIST
Access
Brunette, C., Tremblay, L. B., & Newton, R. (2022). A new state-dependent parameterization for the free drift of sea ice.
The Cryosphere, 16(2), 533-557
Access
de Aguiar, V., Dagestad, K. F., Hole, L. R., & Barthel, K. (2022). Quantitative assessment of two oil-in-ice surface drift algorithms. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 175, 113393
Access
Faybishenko, B., Versteeg, R., Pastorello, G., Dwivedi, D., Varadharajan, C., & Agarwal, D. (2022). Challenging problems of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) of meteorological time series data. Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment, 36(4), 1049-1062.
Access
Garcia-Soto, C, L. Cheng, L. Caesar, L. Jewett, A. Cheripika, I. Rigor, A. Caballero, J. Abraham, S. Chiva, J.C. Báez, T. Zielinski, An update on Ocean Climate Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean PH, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Sea Level and strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation), Frontiers of Marine Science, 2021.
Access
Garcia-Soto, Cc; Contributors: L. Caesar, A. Cazenave, L. Cheng, A. Cheripka, P. Durack, D. Halpern, L. Jewett, G. Li, I. Rigor, S. Schmidtko, and T. Zielinski, Chapter 5: Trends in the Physical and Chemical State of the Ocean, Second World Ocean Assessment, United Nations, 2021.
Access
Howell, S. E., Brady, M., & Komarov, A. S. (2022). Generating large-scale sea ice motion from Sentinel-1 and the RADARSAT Constellation Mission using the Environment and Climate Change Canada automated sea ice tracking system. The Cryosphere, 16(3), 1125-1139.
Access
Jewell, M. E. (2022). Atmospheric and Sea Ice Circulation Patterns During Lead Formation at Point Barrow. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University.
Access
Lygre, K., Røsvik, B. H., Storheim, E., Forcucci, D., Rigor, I., Langehaug, H. R., … & Pettersson, L. H. (2021). Float Your Boat-Norway. School students, small wooden boats and marine research in the Arctic (No. EGU21-16269). Copernicus Meetings.
Access
Melling, H. (2022). Sea-ice thickness on the northern Canadian polar shelf: A second look after 40 years. The Cryosphere Discussions, 1-24.
Access
Morison, J., R. Kwok, and I. Rigor. 2022. Changes in Arctic Ocean circulation from in situ and remotely sensed observations: Synergies and sampling challenges. Oceanography, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.111.
Access
Morison J., R. Kwok, S. Dickinson, R. Andersen, C. Peralta-Ferriz, D. Morison, I. Rigor, S. Dewey, and J. Guthrie, The Cyclonic Mode of Arctic Ocean Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanography, Oceanography,  51,  1053– 1075. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0190.1, 2021.
Access
Nicolaus, M., Perovich, D. K., Spreen, G., Granskog, M. A., von Albedyll, L., Angelopoulos, M., … & Wendisch, M. (2022). Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice. Elem Sci Anth, 10(1), 000046.
Access
Obbard, R.W, A.C. Bradley, I. Rigor, Remotely monitored buoys for observing the growth and development of sea ice in situ, accepted, J. Atmos. and Ocean Tech, 2022.
Access
Sumata, H., de Steur, L., Gerland, S., Divine, D. V., & Pavlova, O. (2022). Unprecedented decline of Arctic sea ice outflow in 2018. Nature communications, 13(1), 1-11.
Access
Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., & Li, Q. (2022). Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0. Earth System Science Data, 14(4), 1677-1693.
Access
Turnbull, I. D., & Marchenko, A. V. (2022). Deformation of an ice pack influenced by waves and topographic enhancement of tidal motion near Hopen Island in the Barents Sea. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 194, 103463.
Access
Wang, X., Chen, R., Li, C., Chen, Z., Hui, F., & Cheng, X. (2022). An Intercomparison of Satellite Derived Arctic Sea Ice Motion Products. Remote Sensing, 14(5), 1261.
Access
Webster, M.A., I. Rigor, and N.C. Wright. 2022. Observing Arctic sea ice. Oceanography, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.115.
Access
Wu, A., Che, T., Li, X., & Zhu, X. (2022). A ship navigation information service system for the Arctic Northeast Passage using 3D GIS based on big Earth data. Big Earth Data, 1-27.
Access
Yu, X., Liu, C., Wang, X., Cao, J., Dong, J., & Liu, Y. (2022). Evaluation of Arctic Sea Ice Drift and its Relationship with Near-surface Wind and Ocean Current in Nine CMIP6 Models from China. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 1-24.
Access
Zhang, F., Pang, X., Lei, R., Zhai, M., Zhao, X., & Cai, Q. (2022). Arctic sea ice motion change and response to atmospheric forcing between 1979 and 2019. International Journal of Climatology, 42(3), 1854-1876.
Access
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Distributed Biological Observatory- Northern Chukchi Integrated Study (DBO-NCIS) - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
Category / Categories:
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
,
Ocean Climate & Weather
,
Regional Research
Distributed Biological Observatory- Northern Chukchi Integrated Study (DBO-NCIS)
Shishaldin (left) and Isanotski volcanoes on Unimak Island. Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Unimak Island. Image Credit: Second Mate Michael Theberge, SS Coastal Navigator.
Principal Investigator(s):
Robert Pickart
Project Institution(s):
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022
Partners and Affiliations:
NSF, DBO, PAG, PMEL
Vessels Information:
USCGC Healy,  R/V Sikuliaq, R/V Mirai, R/V Xuelong, and CCGS Amundsen
Analyzing Arctic water flow and connections to biological drivers
The overall goal of the
Distributed Biological Observatory – Northern Chukchi Integrated Study (DBO-NCIS)
is to document and understand ongoing changes to the Pacific-Arctic ecosystem in light of changing physical drivers. The project will continue the analysis of physical data collected on the DBO-NCIS cruises to date (2017-2021), in conjunction with ancillary and historical data, while collaborating with the interdisciplinary team of scientists involved in the program. This includes a study of the changing halocline of the Beaufort Gyre, the formation and spreading of newly formed winter water on the Beaufort shelf, and the Pacific Water flow branches on the Chukchi shelf. These and other efforts have continued to advance our understanding of the water mass composition, transformation, and progression of flow from the Bering Strait to the Arctic Basin, and how this in turn impacts Arctic ecosystems.
Project Mission & Goals
The DBO-NCIS project is divided into two different studies. Read more about their objectives below.
Study One: Evolution in the Beaufort Gyre
Study Two: Winter Water
Patterns in a melting iceberg from LeConte Glacier. Southeast LeConte Fjord, Alaska. Credit: Aleria Jensen
The first study addresses the evolution of the Beaufort Gyre over the past two decades. Results imply that continued thinning of the cold halocline layer could disrupt the present stable state of the gyre, allowing for a significant freshwater release. This in turn could freshen the subpolar North Atlantic, impacting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Newly ventilated winter water observed across four moorings deployed across the shelf in the western Beaufort Sea (2008-2009). While water near the freezing point was observed across the entire shelf (grey dots), only on the inner-shelf (moorings N1 and N2) was the water salty enough to ventilate the cold halocline layer of the Canada Basin (black dots).
The second study investigates aspects of newly ventilated winter water (NVWW), which is a cold, salty, nutrient-rich water mass that is critical for supporting the ecosystem of the western Arctic Ocean. The analysis includes using time series from a previous mooring array deployed across the shelf and slope in the western Beaufort Sea near 150°W from 2008-9. Results show that the salty NVWW can be fluxed off the shelf due to the convergence of the westward-flowing current on the shelf and the eastward-flowing outflow from Barrow Canyon.
In addition to these studies, we are compiling and updating an historical database of shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (SADCP) data on the Chukchi shelf. The climatology is called ChukSA (Chukchi Sea shipboard ADCP), and to date it includes data from 57 cruises over the time period 2002-2022. We will continue to expand this database using data from both domestic and foreign vessels, including the R/V
Marai
(JAMSTEC), the R/V
Xue Long
(PRIC), the USCGC
Healy
, and the CCGS
Laurier
(DFO). We are also including ADCP data from Saildrones. Such a composite data set is extremely valuable for quantifying the basic circulation of the Chukchi shelf, its response to wind forcing, and the fluxes of volume, heat, salt, and nutrients across the shelf.
Project Data
About The DBO-NCIS Database
This data has been collected and submitted as part of the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) program. Data were originally collected as part of the Distributed Biological Observatory – Northern Chukchi Integrated Study (DBO-NCIS) project, headed by Robert Pickart (rpickart@whoi.edu) and Jackie Grebmeier (jgrebmei@umces.edu). Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) data were taken aboard the USCGC Healy during HLY1702. During this cruise, data were taken along the established repeat hydrography transects, DBO1, DBO3, DBO4, and DBO5. This submission includes CTD data from the DBO3 transect. There are nine dcc data files containing the following parameters: pressure, depth, temperature, conductivity, oxygen, fluorescence, practical salinity, density, and potential temperature.
Main Data Portals
ADC DBO Chukchi Data Portal
Access Data
Healy Datasets
Healy 2017 (HLY-1702) Data
Access Data
Healy 2018 (HLY-1801) Data
Access Data
Healy 2019 (HLY-1901) Data/ ChukSA climatology
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Anderson, D. M., E. Fachon, K. Hubbard, K. A. Lefebvre, P. Lin, R. S. Pickart, M.Richlen, G. Sheffield, and C. Van Hemert, 2022. Harmful algal blooms in the Alaskan Arctic: an emerging threat as oceans warm. Oceanography, 35, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.121
Access
Danielson, S. L., J. M Grebmeier, K. Iken, C. Berchok, L. Britt, K. H. Dunton, L. Eisner, E. Farley, A. Fujiwara, D. Hauser, M. Itoh, T. Kikuchi, S. Kotwicki, K. J. Kuletz, C. W. Mordy, S. Nishino, C. Peralta-Ferriz, R. S. Pickart, P. S. Stabeno, K. M. Stafford, A. V. Whiting, and R. Woodgate, 2022. Monitoring Alaskan Arctic shelf ecosystems through collaborative observation networks. Oceanography, 35, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.119
Access
Einarsson, S.V., K Lowry, P. Lin, R.S. Pickart, and C.J. Ashjian, 2022. Alexandrium on the Alaskan Beaufort Sea Shelf: Impact of upwelling in a warming Arctic. Harmful Algae, 120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102346
Access
Hubbard, K.A. and 16 co-authors. Spatiotemporal transitions in Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblages and domoic acid along the Alaska coast. PLOS ONE. 18(3):e0282794.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282794
Access
Lefebvre, K.A. and 20 co-authors, 2022. Paralytic shellfish toxins 1 in Alaskan Arctic food webs during the anomalously warm ocean conditions of 2019 and estimated toxin doses to Pacific walruses and bowhead whales. Harmful Algae, 114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102205
Access
Lin, P., R.S. Pickart, T.J. Weingartner, H.L. Simmons, M. Itoh, and T. Kikuchi. Formation and circulation of Newly Ventilated Winter Water in the western Beaufort Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 216, 103068. https://do.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103068.
Access
Lin, P., Pickart, R.S., Heorton, H. et al. Recent state transition of the Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Gyre. Nat. Geosci. 16, 485–491 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01184-5
Access
Selden, C.R., S.V. Einarsson, K. Lowry, K. Crider, R.S. Pickart, P. Lin, C. Ashjian, and P. D. Chappell, 2022. Coastal upwelling enhances abundance of a symbiotic diazotroph (UCYN-A) and its haptophyte host in the Arctic Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, Front, 9:877562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.877562
Access
von Appen, W-J., T. Baumann, M. Janout, N. Koldunov, Y-D Lenn, R.S. Pickart, R.B Scott, and Q. Wang, 2022. Eddies and the distribution of eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean. Oceanography, 35, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.122
Access
Wang, H., P. Lin, R.S. Pickart, and J.N. Cross, 2022. Summer surface CO2 changes in the Bering and Chukchi Seas from 1989 to 2019. Journal of Geophysical Research, 127, e2021JC017424. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017424
Access
Selected Presentations
2022 Alaska SeaGrant: Beyond Bering Strait: Where Does the Water Go? Strait Science, November 24, 2022 –
Access Link
Additional Links and Resources
DBO-NCIS Project Website –
Access Link
GOMO HEADQUARTERS
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The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
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Distribution and Prevalence of Harmful Algal Blooms in Arctic Waters - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
Category / Categories:
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
,
Regional Research
Distribution and Prevalence of Harmful Algal Blooms in Arctic Waters
Principal Investigator(s):
Don Anderson
Project Institution(s):
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022
Partners and Affiliations:
NSF
Vessels Information:
R/V Norseman II, R/V Sikuliaq, Cruises of Opportunity (during the 2022 Bering Arctic Subarctic Integrated Survey and the Northern Bering Sea Survey)
Tracking the impact of harmful algal blooms in the Arctic
Climate change is leading to increased harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Arctic, threatening human and ecosystem health. Toxic species like
Alexandrium catenella
and
Pseudo-nitzschia
, which cause paralytic and amnesic shellfish poisoning, have been detected in the Alaskan Arctic, with massive blooms impacting both marine life and food security. Additionally, dormant
A.catenella
cysts detected in the Chukchi Sea have the potential to trigger recurrent blooms as temperatures rise. This project aims to analyze samples of Arctic HAB taxa to better understand the impacts of harmful algal blooms on Arctic marine life and fisheries.
Alaskan (2018–2020) and Gulf of Maine (2004–2012) Alexandrium catenella cyst abundance in surface sediments, depicted on the same scale (Albers Equal-Area Conic projection). Sites visited across multiple years were averaged to create these composite maps.
What Are Harmful Algal Blooms?
Due to climate change, many aquatic microorganisms are flourishing from high levels of nutrients and warmer waters, causing for algal blooms to occur more frequently in the Arctic sea. Although most species are harmless, two harmful algal bloom (HAB) species are posing large threats to human, ocean, and ecosystem health.
One is a toxic dinoflagellate called Alexandrium catenella, responsible for infecting shellfish that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). The second is a toxic diatom called Pseudo-nitzschia, responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). This is concerning for Alaskan sea regions, as extremely high concentrations of dormant A. catenella have been documented in samples from the Chukchi Sea, alluding that HAB events have already begun to affect the stability of local resources.
Satellite image of Alexandrium catenalla algal bloom in the Bering Sea. Alexandrium catenella Pseudo-nitzschia Satellite image of Alexandrium catenalla algal bloom in the Bering Sea. (Credit: NASA)
Alexandrium catenella
Pseudo-nitzschia (Credit: NOAA)
Satellite image of Alexandrium catenalla algal bloom in the Bering Sea. Alexandrium catenella Pseudo-nitzschia Satellite image of Alexandrium catenalla algal bloom in the Bering Sea. (Credit: NASA)
Alexandrium catenella
Pseudo-nitzschia (Credit: NOAA)
Satellite image of Alexandrium catenalla algal bloom in the Bering Sea. Alexandrium catenella Pseudo-nitzschia Satellite image of Alexandrium catenalla algal bloom in the Bering Sea. (Credit: NASA)
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Project Gallery
Ice off the bow of the USCG Healy
Collection of sediment cores for cyst processing.
The coastal town of Point Hope as seen from the R/V Norseman II as it heads north into the Chukchi Sea
Orcas are one such animal affected by harmful algal blooms
A dashboard image from the IFCB shows high concentrations of the Alexandrium (dark round cells) found in a Bering Strait water sample.
Arctic Sea sediment samples before processing
Arctic Sea sediment samples after processing
Imaging FlowCytobot on the USCG Healy ship
Alexandrium cultures in the incubator at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Anderson Lab.
Project Data
About the Datasets
Offshore sampling for harmful algal bloom (HAB) species was conducted in two back-to-back research cruises aboard the R/V Norseman II (July 19, 2022 – August 15,  2022, 28 days and August 17, 2022 to Sept. 6, 2022, 21 days).
Along with collecting water and sediment samples, an Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) was configured to collect phytoplankton imagery along the cruise track. Net tows and benthic invertebrate samples were also collected to measure levels of the food web.
By the Numbers
Between both cruises, 120 sediment grabs were collected, 47 net tows were deployed, and water samples were collected across multiple depths at 191 locations. Additional sediment and water samples were collected aboard cruises of opportunity, including the 2022 Bering  Arctic Subarctic Integrated Survey (BASIS, 8/12/22 – 9/11/22) and the Northern Bering Sea  Survey (NBS, 8/27/22 – 9/20/22).
Data Access
2018 Healy Cruise Data
Access Data
2019 Healy Cruise Data
Access Data
Alexandrium catenella planktonic cell distribution in the Alaskan Arctic (2018-2019)
Access Data
Alexandrium catenella resting cyst distribution in the Alaskan Arctic (2018-2019)
Access Data
Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) Data
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Anderson, D.M., E. Fachon, K. Hubbard, K.A. Lefebvre, P. Lin, R. Pickart, M. Richlen, G. Sheffield, and C. Van Hemert. 2022. Harmful algal blooms in the Alaskan Arctic: An emerging threat as the ocean warms. Oceanography 35(3–4):130–139, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.121.
Access
Dai, Y., Yang, S., Zhao, D., Hu, C., Xu, W., Anderson, D.M., et al., 2023. Coastal phytoplankton blooms expand and intensify in the 21st century. Nature 615, p. 280–284.
Access
Erdner, D.L., Richlen, M.R., McCauley, L.A.R., Anderson, D.M., 2011. Diversity and Dynamics  of a Widespread Bloom of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense. PloS one 6(7),  e22965.
Access
Harmful Algal Bloom Task Force. 2022.  Progress and Recommendations Regarding Red Tide (Karenia brevis) Blooms.  St. Petersburg, FL: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Consensus document #2, December 2021. https://myfwc.com/media/28286/habtf-consensus-2.pdf
Access
Hubbard, K.A., Rocap, G. and Armbrust, E., 2008. Inter-and intraspecific community structure  within the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 44(3),  pp.637-649.
Access
Hubbard, K.A., Olson, C.H. and Armbrust, E.V., 2014. Molecular characterization of Pseudo nitzschia community structure and species ecology in a hydrographically complex estuarine  system (Puget Sound, Washington, USA). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 507, p.39.
Access
Hubbard KA, Villac MC, Chadwick C, DeSmidt AA, Flewelling L, et al., 2023. Spatiotemporal transitions in Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblages and domoic acid along the Alaska coast. PLOS ONE 18(3): e0282794.
Access
Lefebvre, K.A., Fachon, E., Bowers, E.K., Kimmel, D.G., Snyder, J.A., Stimmelmayr, R., Grebmeier, J.M., Kibler, S., Hardison, D.R., Anderson, D.M. and Kulis, D., 2022. Paralytic shellfish toxins in Alaskan Arctic food webs during the anomalously warm ocean conditions of 2019 and estimated toxin doses to Pacific walruses and bowhead whales. Harmful Algae, 114, p.102205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102205
Access
Richlen, M.L., Erdner, D.L., McCauley, L.A.R., Libera, K., Anderson, D.M., 2012. Extensive  genetic diversity and rapid population differentiation during blooms of Alexandrium fundyense  (Dinophyceae) in an isolated salt pond on Cape Cod, MA, USA. Ecology and Evolution, 2(10):  2583-2594
Access
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Ecosystem Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (EcoFOCI) - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
Category / Categories:
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
,
Regional Research
Ecosystem Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (EcoFOCI)
Arctic Sunrise Photo by Jessica Cross
Principal Investigator(s):
Phyliss Stabeno
Project Institution(s):
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022
Partners and Affiliations:
AFSC, Marine Mammal Laboratory, ITAE, PMEL Genetics and Genomics Group, PMEL Nutrients Program, WHOI, DBO
Vessels Information:
R/V Sikuliaq & USCGC Healy
Improving understanding of factors affecting the health and populations of ecologically and commercially important fish and other species, and how ecosystems respond to change.
The unparalleled warming, reduced ice spread, and early sea ice retreat occurring in the Arctic has enormous implications for surrounding ecosystems and Arctic biotic interactions. This project aims to improve understanding of factors affecting the health and populations of ecologically and commercially important fish and other species, and how ecosystems respond to change.
The
Ecosystem Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (EcoFOCI) project
collects time series data of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll fluorescence, oxygen, light and currents at nine mooring sites, along with hydrographic surveys and plankton sampling in the Chukchi Sea and the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) Regions 1-5. This project involves Arctic cruise expeditions, which examine physical, chemical (nutrients and oxygen) and biological (chlorophyll, ichthyo-, and zooplankton, and benthic fish and invertebrates) distributions in the northern Bering Sea and the Chukchi Sea. In addition to providing annual time series of physical, chemical and biological variables, the mooring data collected provide estimates of transport of Pacific water and heat exiting the Chukchi shelf through Barrow Canyon.
Project Data
Data Access
EcoFOCI Main Data Page
Access Data
EcoFOCI data available through PMEL ERDDAP data server
Access Data
EcoFOCI Prawler data, 2016-2019 subset
Access Data
EcoFOCI Bering Sea, 2010-2017
Access Data
EcoFOCI Chukchi Sea profile data, 2010-2012
Access Data
EcoFOCI Early Arctic Data, 1986-1991
Access Data
EcoFOCI profile data from cruise DY1104
Access Data
EcoFOCI profile data from cruise DY1408
Access Data
EcoFOCI profile data from cruise DY1104
Access Data
EcoFOCI profile data from cruise MF0904L2
Access Data
EcoFOCI Shelikof Line 8 Data, 1981-open
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Full EcoFOCI Publications List
Access
Lee, C.M., M. DeGrandpre, J. Guthrie, V. Hill, R. Kwok, J. Morison, C.J. Cox, H. Singh, T.P. Stanton, and J. Wilkinson. 2022. Emerging technologies and approaches for in situ, autonomous observing in the Arctic. Oceanography 35(3–4):210–221, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.127.
Access
Crance, J. L., C. L. Berchok, B. M. Kimber, J. M. Harlacher, E. K. Braen, and M. C. Ferguson, 2022. Year-round distribution of bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus, throughout the Alaskan Chukchi and northern Bering Sea. Deep Sea Res. II: 206:105215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2022.105215
Access
Danielson, S.L., J.M. Grebmeier, K. Iken, C. Berchok, L. Britt, K.H. Dunton, L. Eisner, E.V. Farley, A. Fujiwara, D.D.W. Hauser, M. Itoh, T. Kikuchi, S. Kotwicki, K.J. Kuletz, C.W. Mordy, S. Nishino, C. Peralta-Ferriz, R.S. Pickart, P.J. Stabeno, K.M. Stafford, A.V. Whiting, and R. Woodgate, 2022: Monitoring Alaskan Arctic shelf ecosystems through collaborative observation networks. Oceanography, 35(2), 52,  https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.119
Access
Jorgensen, L. L., E. A. Logerwell, N. Strelkova, D. Zakharov, V. Roy, C. Nozeres, B. A. Bluhm, S. Hilma Ólagsdottir, J. M. Burgos, J. Sorensen, O. Zimina and K. Rand, 2022. International megabenthic long-term monitoring of a changing arctic ecosystem: Baseline results. Prog. Oceanog. 200:102712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102712
Access
Lefebvre, K.A., E. Fachon, E.K. Bowers, D.G. Kimmel, J.A. Snyder, R. Stimmelmayr, J.M. Grebmeier, S. Kibler, R. Hardison, D.M. Anderson, D. Kulis, J. Murphy, J.C. Gann, D. Cooper, L.B. Eisner, J.T. Duffy-Anderson, G. Sheffield, R.S. Pickart, A. Mounsey, M.L. Willis, P. Stabeno, and E. Siddon, 2022: Paralytic shellfish toxins in Alaskan Arctic food webs during the anomalously warm ocean conditions of 2019 and estimated toxin doses to Pacific walruses and bowhead whales. Harmful Algae, 114, 102205,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102205
Access
Moore S.E., J.T. Clarke, S.R. Okkonen, J.M. Grebmeier, C.L. Berchok, and K.M. Stafford, 2022. Changes in gray whale phenology and distribution related to prey variability and ocean biophysics in the northern Bering and eastern Chukchi seas. PLoS ONE 17(4): e0265934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265934
Access
Muto, M. M., V. T. Helker, B. J. Delean, N. C. Young, J. C. Freed, R. P. Angliss, N. A. Friday, P. L. Boveng, J. M. Breiwick, B. M. Brost, M. F. Cameron, P. J. Clapham, J. L. Crance, S. P. Dahle, M. E. Dahlheim, B. S. Fadley, M. C. Ferguson, L. W. Fritz, K. T. Goetz, R. C. Hobbs,Y. V. Ivashchenko, A. S. Kennedy, J. M. London, S. A. Mizroch, R. R. Ream, E. L. Richmond, K. E. W. Shelden, K. L. Sweeney, R. G. Towell, P. R. Wade, J. M. Waite, and A. N. Zerbini, 2022. Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2021. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-441, 295 p.
Access
Publications in Review
McCabe, R. M., P. J. Stabeno, et al.
(in preparation)
Estimates of heat transport through the Chukchi Sea to the Beaufort Sea from a decade of in situ observations. Part of the NPRB sponsored AIERP.
Mordy, C.W., P. Stabeno, H. Hristova
(in preparation)
. Interannual variability of salts and nutrients at the Distributed Biological Observatory Site DBO 1. Part of the NPRB sponsored AIERP.
Stabeno, P. and R. McCabe (
accepted
). Flow patterns over the Chukchi continental shelf: 2010-2020: A decade of observations in the Chukchi Sea. Part of the NPRB sponsored AIERP.
Sullivan, M.E. and Stabeno, P.J. (
revised, in review
). A decade of measurements of ice draft in the Chukchi Sea. Part of the NPRB sponsored AIERP.
Additional Links and Resources
EcoFOCI Website –
Access Link
Maps –
Access Link
EcoFOCI Cruise Catalog –
Access Link
EcoFOCI Data Management Plan –
Access Link
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The Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) Northern Chukchi Integrated Study (NCIS): Hydrography, Sediment, and Macrofaunal Population Dynamics Project - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
Category / Categories:
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
,
Regional Research
The Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) Northern Chukchi Integrated Study (NCIS): Hydrography, Sediment, and Macrofaunal Population Dynamics Project
Principal Investigator(s):
Jacqueline Grebmeier
Lee Cooper
Project Institution(s):
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES)
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022
Partners and Affiliations:
NSF, NASA, PMEL, PAG, IASC, WHOI, AFSC, NPRB, AOOS
Vessels::
R/V Sikuliaq & USCGC Healy
Analyzing Pacific-Arctic ecosystems in a warming climate
Receding sea ice and increased ocean temperatures are driving shifts in marine ecosystems, especially within the Arctic-Pacific seas. These changes are affecting a variety of ecosystem dynamics, from primary productivity to benthic species density, which could lead to irreversible tipping points for the Arctic system.
The
Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO)
is a change detection array extending from the northern Bering Sea to the Barrow Canyon region, specifically at the junction of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. The array additionally extends eastward into the Canadian Beaufort Sea for a subset of measurements (see below figure). Since 2010 and spanning six countries, the DBO has provided a framework to coordinate sampling and analytical efforts linking biological changes to physical drivers, such as sea ice melt or warming surface temperatures. Datasets collected include key water column parameters (stable isotopes of oxygen in water, phytoplankton species composition), sediment parameters (organic carbon and nitrogen content, grain size, stable isotope C and N content of organic matter, and whole core metabolism measurements), and benthic macrofaunal composition and biomass.
The goals of the project are to determine hydrographic and sediment characteristics that influence macrofaunal communities and ecosystem function through field and synthesis studies. The field cruises also contribute to related investigations of harmful algal blooms in the Arctic. These blooms have trophic impacts that are critical for assessing food security in the region. Exploratory work is also assessing the genomic composition of dominant benthic animals for applications for food tracing, and other food web studies.
Project Gallery
Project Data
About The Datasets
Offshore sampling for harmful algal bloom (HAB) species was conducted in two back-to-back research cruises aboard the R/V Norseman II (July 19, 2022 – August 15,  2022, 28 days and August 17, 2022 to Sept. 6, 2022, 21 days).
Along with collecting water and sediment samples, an Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) was configured to collect phytoplankton imagery along the cruise track. Net tows and benthic invertebrate samples were also collected to measure levels of the food web.
By The Numbers
Between both cruises, 120 sediment grabs were collected, 47 net tows were deployed, and water samples were collected across multiple depths at 191 locations. Additional sediment and water samples were collected aboard cruises of opportunity, including the 2022 Bering  Arctic Subarctic Integrated Survey (BASIS, 8/12/22 – 9/11/22) and the Northern Bering Sea  Survey (NBS, 8/27/22 – 9/20/22).
Project Datasets
DBO Data Portal
Access Data
Archived Datasets
NCAR DBO Data Portal
Access Data
Publications and Reports
FULL PUBLICATIONS LIST
Access
ALL PUBLICATIONS & WORKSHOP PRODUCTS ASSOCIATED WITH DBO
Access
Anderson, D.M., E. Fachon, R.S. Pickart, P. Lin, A.D. Fischer, M.L. Richlen, V. Uva, M. Brosnahan, O.L. McRaven, F. Bahr, K. Lefebvre, J.M. Grebmeier, S. Danielson, Y. Lyu, and Y. Fukai. 2021. Evidence for massive and recurrent toxic blooms of Alexandrium catenella in the Alaskan Arctic. PNAS, Vol. 118, No. xx e2107387118, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107387118
Access
Clement Kinney, J., W. Maslowski, et al., 2022, On the variability of the Bering Sea Cold Pool and implications for the biophysical environment, PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266180
Access
Cooper, L.W.; Grebmeier, J.M. A chlorophyll biomass time-series for the Distributed Biological Observatory in the context of seasonal sea ice declines, 2022, Geosciences 2022, 12(8)/307; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12080307
Access
Cooper, L.W., C. Magen, and J.M. Grebmeier. 2022. Changes in the oxygen isotope composition of the Bering Sea contribution to the Arctic Ocean are an independent measure of increasing freshwater fluxes through the Bering Strait. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0273065. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273065
Access
Danielson, S.L., J.M. Grebmeier, K. Iken, C. Berchok, L. Britt, K.H. Dunton, L. Eisner, E.V. Farley, A. Fujiwara, D.D.W. Hauser, M. Itoh, T. Kikuchi, S. Kotwicki, K.J. Kuletz, C.W. Mordy, S. Nishino, C. Peralta-Ferriz, R.S. Pickart, P.S. Stabeno, K.M. Stafford, A.V. Whiting, and R. Woodgate. 2022. Monitoring Alaskan Arctic shelf ecosystems through collaborative observation networks. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.119.
Access
Frey, K, E., J. Clement Kinney, L. V. Stock, R. Osinski, 2022, Observations of Declining Primary Production in the Western Bering Strait, Oceanography, 35 (2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.123
Access
Frey, K.E, L.N.C. Young, J.C. Comiso, L.V. Stock, J.M. Grebmeier, and L.W. Cooper. A comprehensive satellite-based assessment across the Pacific Arctic Distributed Biological Observatory shows widespread late-season sea surface warming and sea ice declines with variable influences on primary productivity. PLOS ONE 18(7): e0287960
Access
Gaffey, C.B., K.E Frey, L.W. Cooper, and J.M. Grebmeier. 2022. Phytoplankton bloom stage estimated from chlorophyll pigment proportions suggest delayed summer production in low sea ice years in the northern Bering Sea, PLOS ONE, 17(7): e0267586, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267586
Access
Gall, A. E., Prichard, A. K., Kuletz, K. J., & Danielson, S. L. (2022). Long: Influence of water masses on the summer structure of the seabird community in the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Plos one, 17(4), e0266182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266182
Access
Giesbrecht, K. E., Varela, D. E., de Souza, G. F., & Maden, C. (2022). Natural variations in dissolved silicon isotopes across the Arctic Ocean from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 36, e2021GB007107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007107
Access
Hubbard KA, Villac MC, Chadwick C, DeSmidt AA, Flewelling L, et al., 2023, Spatiotemporal transitions in Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblages and domoic acid along the Alaska coast. PLoS ONE 18(3): e0282794. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282794
Access
Koch, C.W., Brown, T.A., Amiraux, R. et al. Year-round utilization of sea ice-associated carbon in Arctic ecosystems. Nat Commun 14, 1964 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37612-8
Access
Moore S.E., J.T. Clarke, S.R. Okkonen, J.M. Grebmeier, C.L. Berchok, and K.M. Stafford. 2022. Changes in gray whale phenology and distribution related to prey variability and ocean biophysics in the northern Bering and eastern Chukchi seas. PLoS ONE 17(4): e0265934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265934
Access
Additional Links and Resources
DBO Website –
Access Link
DBO CBL Website –
Access Link
Pacific Arctic Benthic Species Website (Polish) –
Access Link
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Building Capacity & Advancing the Next Generation of Tropical Cyclone Scientists - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Tropical Pacific Research
Category / Categories:
Capacity Building
,
Regional Research
Building Capacity & Advancing the Next Generation of Tropical Cyclone Scientists
Principal Investigator(s):
Travis N. Miles
Scott Glenn
Project Institution(s):
tnmiles@marine.rutgers.edu
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023
Partners and Affiliations:
Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University
Hurricanes remain the costliest and deadliest natural disasters in the US and globally (
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions
/). There have been continued improvements in hurricane intensity forecasts over the past decade [
Cangialosi et al.
, 2020], however significant errors remain (~14 knots for a 72 hour forecast). New technologies have been implemented to expand ocean observing in regions where tropical cyclones undergo rapid intensity change [
Miles et al.
, 2021]. However, many of these regions include numerous international exclusive economic zones (EEZs) such as in the eastern Caribbean, where special marine scientific research permissions are required to carry out ocean observing. Through the UN Ocean Decade Tropical Cyclone (TC) Exemplar, efforts are underway to engage a broad set of global partners to enable ocean observing and research to improve TC intensity forecasts. In this proposed project we will focus on (1) engaging early career scientists in TC research and operations and (2) developing and engaging capacity within the Caribbean region for the UN Ocean Decade TC Exemplar program.
This project aims to support early career scientists and to grow the Tropical Cyclone Exemplar of the UN Decade-endorsed GOOS Observing Co-Design Programme through travel support.
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CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office (CCHDO) - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry
Category / Categories:
Data Management & Analytics
,
Ocean Climate & Weather
CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office (CCHDO)
CTD Deployment. Image Credit: Meghan Shea
Principal Investigator(s):
Karen I. Stocks
Dr. Sarah Purkey
Project Institution(s):
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023
The CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office (CCHDO) is the repository, assembly center, and distribution center for global ocean CTD, hydrographic, carbon, and tracer data of the highest quality and utility. CCHDO adds value to the global observing system by ensuring that these data are curated, preserved, well-described, findable, accessible, and usable. This reduces the time to science and enlarges the user base for these data by creating standard, well-described data products.
The CCHDO currently curates data from over 2,500 cruises from 29 countries, an investment on the order of $1B in ship time. It is the official data center for CTD and water sample profile data from the Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP), a key component of both the Global Climate Observing System and the Global Ocean Observing System.
The coast-to-coast, top-to-bottom, reference-quality ocean transects curated by the CCHDO provide a keystone in assessing and understanding the extent and nature of ocean changes. They are used to monitor the ocean storage and transport of heat, freshwater, carbon and nutrients; assess the ocean’s uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat; monitor changes in ocean oxygen and acidification; and evaluate ocean circulation and ventilation. A principal scientific use of CCHDO data is model initiation, calibration and validation. Further, it provides critical reference data for Argo float calibration and quality control.
The CCHDO ensures that these valuable data and their associated documentation are (i) readily available for immediate research and education, (ii) easily accessible through several search and download sites aimed at diverse audiences, (iii) fed into global climatologies such as the World Ocean Atlas, GLODAP, GO-SHIP easy ocean, and the Argo reference climatology, (iv) supplied for climate assessments; and (v) in partnership with NOAA, archived for long-term preservation. Beyond simple accessibility, the CCHDO undertakes meticulous verification, assembly, and documentation, to produce standardized, well-described, reference-quality cruise data products from heterogeneous data submissions. The goal is to maximize data usability for the scientific community and ensure a long service life.
Project Data
Data Access
CCHDO Data Portal
Access Data
UCSD Library Digital Collections
Access Data
ArgoVis Portal
Access Data
NOAA NMFS ERDDAP server
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Full Progress Report
Access
Morris, T., Scanderbeg, M., West-Mack, D., Gourcuff, C. and Poffa, N. Udaya Bhaskar, T.V.S., Hanstein, C., Diggs, S., Talley, L., Turpin, V., Liu, Z., Owens, B. (2023) Best practices for Core Argo floats: Getting started, physical handling, metadata, and data considerations. Version 1. Cape Town South Africa, South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), 45pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1967
Access
Stocks, Karen; Beaulieu, Stace; Berys-Gonzalez, Carolina; Biddle, Mathew; Mills, Allison; O'Connor, Sarah; et al. (2023). Easy Resources for Managing Your Ocean Data. ESIP. Figure. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21766709.v1 [This collaborative work was a collaboration between the ESIP Marine Data Cluster and the Deep Ocean Observing Strategy, with contributions from CCHDO staff]
Access
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ABOUT US
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2022 Arctic Report Card - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
Category / Categories:
Capacity Building
,
Data Management & Analytics
,
Regional Research
2022 Arctic Report Card
Principal Investigator(s):
Matthew Druckenmiller
Twila Moon
Rick Thoman
Project Institution(s):
NOAA, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fiscal Year:
2023
Award Period:
10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023
Partners and Affiliations:
NOAA, CICOES-University of Alaska, Fairbanks, CIRES-University of Colorado, Boulder, NISDC, PMEL
The
Arctic Report Card
is a timely and peer-reviewed source for clear, reliable and concise environmental information on the current state of Arctic environmental systems. Renewed annually since 2006, the Report Card has remained a constant source of knowledge and connection to different aspects of Arctic-related research and discoveries throughout the organization. The publication incorporates a wide range of modules within Arctic research and spans multiple NOAA line offices, including climate, satellite, fisheries, technology, and oceanographic-related projects.
The Arctic Report Card is intended for a wide audience, including scientists, teachers, students, decision-makers and the general public interested in the future of Arctic environment and science.
Project Data
About The Database
This Arctic Report Card (ARC) data portal is meant to increase access and transparency of datasets used in the ARC. Through a partnership between the Arctic Data Center, the US Arctic Observing Network (US AON), and the ARC, this portal will help to move ARC datasets towards alignment with the FAIR principles of data management (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reuseable).
By The Numbers
The portal includes metadata records for most of the 27 datasets that inform key findings within the 2020 Arctic Report Card’s reporting on Vital Signs, which are the report’s annual updates on seven recurring topics: Surface Air Temperature; Terrestrial Snow Cover; Greenland Ice Sheet; Sea Ice; Sea Surface Temperature; Arctic Ocean Primary Productivity; and Tundra Greenness. Since 2006, over the course of the ARC series, Vital Signs essays have employed more than 100 different data products to support key findings of Arctic change.
Data Access
Arctic Report Card Data Portal
Access Data
Publications and Reports
Arctic Report Card Citation Information Page
Access
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Climate change • Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
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Climate change
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
United Nations
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