Arctic AIR - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
Category / Categories:
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
,
Regional Research
,
Technology & Development
Arctic AIR
Sunset over clouds on the way to Deadhorse. Image Credit: Arctic AIR Team
Principal Investigator(s):
Jaixu Zhang
Calvin Mordy
Project Institution(s):
PMEL
Fiscal Year:
2024
Award Period:
10/01/2024 - 09/30/2027
The
Arctic AIR
(Arctic Airborne Investigations and Research) program conducts critical observations of physical, chemical, and biological processes in the US Arctic from NOAA’s Twin Otter aircraft. This includes air-deployment of meteorological and oceanographic monitoring instruments in seasons and regions that are otherwise difficult to sample, and overflights of research ships thereby expanding their spatial coverage. In 2023, the program introduced and tested a hyperspectral camera, designed to work alongside the upcoming Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) satellite, set to launch in 2024. Data from these platforms will revolutionize how scientists can monitor rapidly changing phytoplankton communities across the Pacific Arctic, and their subsequent impacts on marine ecosystems.
Project Highlights
2023: Over 60 flight hours were completed using NOAA’s Twin Otter aircraft during spring and fall missions, with an additional 12 oceanographic assets and 35 meteorological assets deployed. Flights were flown over the Bering and Chukchi seas, with additional test flights planned for 2024.
In 2024, the Arctic AIR program conducted two successful campaigns. During the spring campaign (May 31–June 11), 37 flight hours yielded 15 hours of high-quality hyperspectral ocean color data across the northern Bering and southern/central Chukchi Seas, along with the deployment of six microSWIFT-TS buoys (100% success rate) and aerial support of the Norseman II. Community engagement included radio interviews and meetings with the Norton Sound Health Corporation. The fall campaign (September 4–20) logged 55.4 flight hours, collecting hyperspectral data on eight days, covering NOAA’s NBS cruise stations and Kobuk Lake. Additionally, 11 microSWIFT buoys (10 successful) and 10 AXBT buoys (9 successful) were deployed, alongside community outreach through radio, presentations, and guest observer programs.
Project Logs
2023 September Arctic AIR flight – Daily logs (Google Docs)
2024 June Arctic AIR field campaign – Daily logs (Google Docs)
2024 September Arctic AIR field campaign – Daily logs (Google Docs)
Project Gallery
The Twin Otter aircraft (top) and our vision for multi-platform monitoring of phytoplankton communities including HABs (bottom)
June flight tracks, with red indicating periods when hyperspectral data was collected. The yellow box is the region shown in the following photo
June hyperspectral images where a bloom was detected at DBO3 (near Point Hope)
Sentinel-3 OLCI satellite images from September 4, 2024, showing true color (left) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration (right). The images highlight a coastal water band approximately 25 nautical miles wide offshore the northern slope with high turbidity over a shallow shelf area (less than 50 m deep).
Airborne photo near the mouth of the Noatak River, showing high turbidity and distinct
boundaries between different water masses.
Flight path over the northern Kobuk Lake (or
Hotham Inlet), with red indicating data collection and blue indicating transit. The red icon marks a mooring system deployed near the mouth of the Noatak River and Kobuk Lake during the ice-free season, which measures water column hydrography, nutrient concentrations, and phytoplankton populations. Additional samples are collected at six nearby sites using boats in the Kotzebue area.
Project Data
For this nascent, the website and data pathways are still in development
Outreach Event
Strait Science – Airborne Algal Research Presentation by Jiaxu Zhang –
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Alaska Arctic Observatory and Knowledge Hub (AAOKH) - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
,
Capacity Building
Category / Categories:
Capacity Building
,
Regional Research
Alaska Arctic Observatory and Knowledge Hub (AAOKH)
Principal Investigator(s):
Donna Hauser
Roberta Tuurraq Glenn-Borade
Project Institution(s):
UAF / CICOES
Fiscal Year:
2024
Award Period:
10/01/2024 - 09/30/2025
Visit Website
The Alaska Arctic Observatory and Knowledge Hub (AAOKH) aims to elevate Indigenous Knowledge and perspectives from Alaska Native communities through a set of well-established and proven approaches. This proposal focuses on expanding the communication strategies, as well as education and training opportunities, for a successful community-led observing network that centers the perspectives, priorities, and self-determination of Arctic Alaska predominantly Indigenous communities.
Milestones
Design and produce a visually-appealing and publicly-accessible newsletter, to be published on newsprint during winter 2024-2025. Inclusion of project summaries and dedicated updates in the AAOKH newsletter. These newsletter will be distributed electronically and in newsprint to every post-office boxholder in AAOKH communities increasing equity and environmental awareness.
Real-time project updates on the AAOKH facebook page, currently at >3,400 followers.
Project Gallery
An excerpt from the AAOKH 2022 Summer newsletter
Cover of the AAOKH Summer 2022 newsletter
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RISE Moorings and Pop-up Buoys - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Program:
Arctic Research
Category / Categories:
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
,
Regional Research
,
Technology & Development
RISE Moorings and Pop-up Buoys
Image Credit: NOAA Climate Program Office
Principal Investigator(s):
Phyllis Stabeno
Calvin Mordy
Project Institution(s):
EcoFOCI, CICOES
Fiscal Year:
2024
Award Period:
10/01/2024 - 09/30/2026
This project received funding from the following:
Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act)
High sea ice concentrations in the Chukchi Sea have prevented scientists from deploying instruments in the region, leading to a wide data gap. The
RISE Mooring Project
will deploy new and additional instruments in the Chukchi Sea, facilitating the collection of new metrics such as fluxes and productivity across the U.S. Arctic. During ice-free seasons, moorings are equipped with surface floats and will be equipped with meteorological sensors in the third year. Moorings also include a PRAWLER (PRofiling crAWLER), a wave-powered profiling system that ascends to the near surface and collects data as it free-falls along a cable. The system currently measures ocean temperature, salinity, oxygen, fluorescence, and pressure, with all data transmitted to the surface float and relayed back to PMEL.
Milestones
Year 1:
Ensure the functioning of the float component of the RISE mooring and collect temperature data in the southern Chukchi Sea (specifically C12 in DBO 3)
Year 2:
Parts for the second RISE mooring will be obtained and prepared for deployment at M14 (northern Bering Sea). A RISE mooring will be redeployed at C12. Pop-up floats will be deployed each year in the Chukchi Sea to improve cross-shelf resolution in this under-sampled region and collect under-ice data.
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Ocean Acidification Observations in Alaska (Distributed Biological Observatory) - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Program:
Arctic Research
Category / Categories:
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
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Ocean Climate & Weather
,
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Ocean Acidification Observations in Alaska (Distributed Biological Observatory)
Principal Investigator(s):
Natalie Monacci
Simone Alin
Darren Pilcher
Project Institution(s):
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Fiscal Year:
2024
Award Period:
07/01/2024 - 06/30/2025
Partners and Affiliations:
PMEL
Vessel Information:
R/V Sikuliaq
Monitoring ocean acidification rates in the Alaskan Arctic
The
Ocean Acidification Observations in Alaska (Distributed Biological Observatory)
project
aims to understand increased ocean acidification rates in Alaska by conducting a series of carbonate chemistry observations in the Pacific Arctic Region Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO), a network of rapidly changing and biologically important sites from the northern Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean Basin. Long-term time series and continuous observations support several converging research efforts including assessing vulnerability of Alaskan coastal communities, economic impacts on Alaska fisheries, and establishing and tracking accelerated rates of change in the Pacific Arctic Region.
Project Gallery
UAF Oceanography PhD student Savannah Sandy with the profiling conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) package paired with a water sampling rosette on the R/V Sikuliaq.
Data is calculated from preliminary data of the discrete seawater sample analysis for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA). *2023 data are preliminary
Project Data
Project Datasets
Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) and other hydrographic and chemical data collected from discrete sample and profile observations during the R/V Sikuliaq cruise SKQ202115s (EXPOCODE 33BI20211108) in the Bering and Chukchi Sea along transect lines in the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from 2021-11-08 to 2021-11-16 (NCEI Accession 0278929)
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Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) and other hydrographic and chemical data collected from discrete sample and profile observations aboard the RV Sikuliaq Cruise SKQ202014S (EXPOCODE 33BI20201025) in the Bering and Chukchi Sea along transect lines in the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from 2020-10-25 to 2020-11-11 (NCEI Accession 0252613)
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Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) and other hydrographic and chemical data collected from discrete sample and profile observations during the United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Healy cruise HLY1901 (EXPOCODE 33HQ20190806) in the Bering and Chukchi Sea along transect lines in the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from 2019-08-06 to 2019-08-22 (NCEI Accession 0243277)
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Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and other parameters collected from discrete sample and profile observations during the USCGC Healy cruise HLY1801 (EXPOCODE 33HQ20180807) in the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea along transect lines in the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from 2018-08-07 to 2018-08-24 (NCEI Accession 0221911)
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Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and other variables collected from discrete samples and profile observations from United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Healy cruise HLY1702 (EXPOCODE 33HQ20170826) in the Bering and Chukchi Sea along transect lines in the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) from 2017-08-26 to 2017-09-15 (NCEI Accession 0208337)
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Saildrone Data (Surface Only)
Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1020 (EXPOCODE 32DB20180630) in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Arctic Ocean from 2018-06-30 to 2018-10-06 (NCEI Accession 0237772)
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Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1033 (EXPOCODE 32DB20210808) in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea from 2021-08-08 to 2021-10-07 (NCEI Accession 0283293)
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Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1034 (EXPOCODE 32DB20210808-2) in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea from 2021-08-08 to 2021-10-08 (NCEI Accession 0283294)
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Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1033 (EXPOCODE 32DB20190514) in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Arctic Ocean from 2019-05-14 to 2019-10-11 (NCEI Accession 0237817)
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Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1034 (EXPOCODE 32DB20190514) in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Arctic Ocean from 2019-05-14 to 2019-09-09 (NCEI Accession 0237818)
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Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1021 (EXPOCODE 32DB20180630) in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Arctic Ocean from 2018-06-30 to 2018-09-25 (NCEI Accession 0237801)
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Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1002 (EXPOCODE 32DB20170716) in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Arctic Ocean from 2017-07-16 to 2017-08-25 (NCEI Accession 0237621)
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Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1003 (EXPOCODE 32DB20170717) in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Arctic Ocean from 2017-07-17 to 2017-09-29 (NCEI Accession 0237657)
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Publications and Reports
Wang, H., Lin, P., Pickart, R. S., & Cross, J. N. (2022). Summer surface CO2 dynamics on the Bering Sea and eastern Chukchi Sea shelves from 1989 to 2019. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127, e2021JC017424. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017424
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Sea Ice Index - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO-Funded Project
Program:
Arctic Research
,
Sea Ice
Category / Categories:
Data Management & Analytics
,
Marine Biology & Ecosystems
,
Regional Research
Sea Ice Index
Principal Investigator(s):
Florence Fetterer
Ann Windnagel
Project Institution(s):
National Snow and Ice Data Center
Fiscal Year:
2024
Award Period:
10/01/2023 - 09/30/2024
Obtaining insights into sea ice changes in Polar Regions
Created in 2002 and updated daily, the
Sea Ice Index
provides a quick look at polar-wide changes in sea ice. Monthly Sea Ice Index images provide sea ice extent with an outline of the 30-year (1981-2010) median extent for that month, as well as sea ice concentration, anomalies, and trends in concentration. With over 3000 registered users, the Sea Ice Index has achieved broad recognition as a top data product for sea ice trends and analyses since its inception. The data has many publication and policy-related impacts, including being used in the annual sea ice essay in the
NOAA Arctic Report Card
and aiding NOAA Fisheries in identifying critical habitat boundaries for endangered Arctic seal species. The Sea Ice Index also serves as a critical outreach tool on the impacts of sea ice extent, and is used in high school classrooms and
NOAA’s Science on a Sphere
. It is also considered the authoritative source on Arctic sea ice extent for major news outlets and the Congressional Research Service.
This map shows sea ice concentration in the Arctic for August 2024. Darker blues indicate lower sea ice concentration. Magenta lines indicate average historical sea ice extent boundaries from 1981-2010. (Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center)
Project Data
Project Datasets
Daily and monthly images of sea ice extent and concentration in the Northern Hemisphere
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Daily and monthly images of sea ice extent and concentration in the Southern Hemisphere
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Daily and monthly sea ice extent in millions of sq km, with no additional analysis (North Hemisphere Daily Data)
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Daily and monthly sea ice extent in millions of sq km, with no additional analysis (North Hemisphere Monthly Data)
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Daily and monthly sea ice extent in millions of sq km, with no additional analysis (South Hemisphere Daily Data)
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Daily and monthly sea ice extent in millions of sq km, with no additional analysis (South Hemisphere Monthly Data)
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Daily sea ice extent, with parameters derived from daily extent, for both hemispheres (time series)
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Publications and Reports
Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A. K. Windnagel. (2017). Sea Ice Index, Version 3 [Data Set]. Boulder, Colorado USA. National Snow and Ice Data Center. https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8. Date Accessed 02-28-2024
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Additional Resources
Sea Ice Index, Version 3 –
Access Link
NSIDC Data Landing Page –
Access Link
NSIDC Arctic Sea Ice Today Blog-
Access Link
Charctic Tool –
Access Link
Global Climate Dashboard –
Access Link
Global Climate Dashboard- Teaching Tool –
Access Link
Sea Ice Index–Sea Ice Animation Tool –
Access Link
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Biden-Harris Administration, NOAA invest $3.84 million to enhance Arctic research, data management and climate resiliency - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Biden-Harris Administration, NOAA invest $3.84 million to enhance Arctic research, data management and climate resiliency
Allison Lepp
September 27, 2024
Arctic Research Program
,
News
,
Press Release
This is a repost of a
NOAA.gov press release
published September 27, 2024.
Today, the Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced an award of $3.84 million in Inflation Reduction Act funding to support climate resiliency projects in Alaska and the Arctic through President Biden’s Investing in America Agenda.
These funds from the
Inflation Reduction Act
will allow use of climate data to develop products, tools and systems tailored to the needs of Alaska communities, which could include modeling tools for predicting sea-ice patterns, data management enhancements to empower local decision making and new marine ecosystem models for climate-resilient fisheries management. The funds will also bolster NOAA’s climate adaptation capacity-building efforts with a variety of academic, local and Indigenous partners.
“Thanks to the Biden-Harris Administration’s Investing in America agenda, this award will help NOAA improve access to climate information across Alaska and the Arctic,” said U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo. “We are proud to support climate resilience projects like this that get communities the resources and information they need to mitigate the impacts of climate change and strengthen the region’s ecosystems, fisheries and economy.”
The most recent Arctic Report Card finds the
Arctic region is warming
about three times faster than the rest of the planet in response to climate change. This warming is causing dramatic changes to annual sea-ice patterns and the distribution and abundance of fish stocks, which are vital to subsistence fishing and hunting and access to traditional foods for Indigenous and coastal Alaska communities.
Warming seas
are also bringing new environmental changes, such as
harmful algal blooms
and
marine heatwaves
. Observational and other environmental data can equip Arctic communities to respond to such events, but this data is often challenging to find and may not be user-friendly, which hinders its use for community decision making.
“Residents of Alaska face the realities of climate change every day,” said NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad, Ph.D. “Through these investments, NOAA is helping to promote climate resiliency for rural and Indigenous communities in the rapidly changing Arctic region. These funds demonstrate
NOAA’s dedication to building lasting, impactful partnerships with the Indigenous communities
of Alaska and to addressing the unmet needs of these communities made worse by climate change.”
Two researchers stand in a small inflatable boat, looking across the sea ice to the R/V Norseman II (SVA).
Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Jessica M Lindsay.
The $3.84 million award will allow work on projects such as:
Co-designing sea-ice prediction and modeling tools ($752,000)
: NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing
Arctic Research Program
will fund two new projects that will improve upon existing sea-ice models by integrating new observational data, including tidal data and satellite imagery. Projects will be led by researchers at NOAA’s Cooperative Institutes for Great Lakes Research (
CIGLR
) and for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies (
CICOES
), and one project will be carried out as cooperative research with residents of the Kotzebue Sound region of Alaska.
Enhancing Arctic data access and management tools for climate resilience ($1.58 million)
: NOAA’s Arctic Research Program is investing in three
competitively-awarded projects
that, collectively, will advance accessibility and usability of Arctic environmental data through the creation of digital tools and databases. Additionally, there will be support for an employee who can steward the marine data strategy and encourage greater program-wide consistency and accessibility of data.
Expanding Alaskan capacity to address climate adaptation needs ($1.13 million)
: NOAA will provide funds to support capacity building across Alaska in partnership with the University of Alaska’s
Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy
(ACCAP). ACCAP will use these funds to hire a tribal liaison and a science communications specialist. These positions will build critical relationships with Alaska communities to better understand and address their climate adaptation needs.
Building climate-ready fisheries management through research and modeling ($377,400):
NOAA’s
Climate and Fisheries Adaptation Program
will provide funds to hire an additional Alaska Climate Integrated Modeling project (ACLIM) ocean modeler to help expand current models into the Arctic and help bridge understanding and advice from diverse knowledge systems with respect to climate impacts on subsistence and fishery resources. The new member of the team will help co-develop culturally and regionally tailored ACLIM model indicators of climate information to help support Bering Sea coastal community adaptation and climate planning (e.g., harmful algal blooms risk indicators, marine heatwave indicators).
Collectively, these proposed projects support NOAA’s commitment to equipping communities, stakeholders and the public with the insights and tools needed to navigate and build resilience in the face of a rapidly evolving Arctic climate.
“We are so excited to see the impacts these projects will have, and to continue learning from our partners about ways that the Arctic Research Program’s observational data can be leveraged for decision making in the Arctic,” said NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing, Arctic Research Program director, Sandy Lucas, Ph.D.
Visit NOAA’s
Inflation Reduction Act
web portal to learn about current and future funding opportunities.
Media contact: Alison Gillespie,
alison.gillespie@noaa.gov
, (202) 713-6644
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Filling A Data Gap In The Tropical Pacific To Reveal Daily Air-Sea Interactions - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Filling A Data Gap In The Tropical Pacific To Reveal Daily Air-Sea Interactions
Jessica Mkitarian
March 27, 2024
Climate Monitoring
,
News
This is a repost of an
original NOAA Climate Program Office story
published March 25, 2024.
Research has long shown that ocean surface temperatures can influence the atmosphere. Over the past twenty years, researchers have been studying how the atmosphere reacts to changing ocean temperatures globally, sparking debates on the exact mechanisms at play.
Using advanced tools like uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs), moored ocean buoys, and satellite data, a new research study investigates how changes in ocean surface temperature affect our atmosphere’s stability and movement. Focusing on the eastern Pacific Ocean near the equator, this work uncovers insights into how temperature changes on a short-term daily basis impact global weather patterns.
“We focused on the diurnal cycle, or daily recurring pattern, because convective activity both in the ocean and atmosphere organize at this time scale and it is thus a basic building block of the climate system” explained Meghan Cronin, lead scientist for this work. Meghan heads the
Ocean Climate Stations
group at NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), monitoring important climate processes using buoys and USVs (i.e., Saildrones) with sensors to measure essential ocean variables to capture local air-sea interactions. Meghan and her team were supported by two grants from NOAA’s Climate Program Office for this work to develop datasets that will help improve climate predictions.
Saildrones navigate across the ocean, propelled by wind power and currents. Sophisticated technology on board the platforms collects various measurements of the sea and air and allows a pilot to remotely control the vessel. They can provide valuable high-resolution data over large areas of the ocean for extended periods without human intervention. In this study, the scientists show how Saildrone data can distinguish temperature changes caused by the sun heating the ocean during the day from those caused by sharp ocean fronts, a key accomplishment.
The scientists show that a strip of cool water stretching across the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean called the “cold tongue” region significantly warms during the daytime in contrast to the surrounding regions, weakening the cold tongue’s boundary, or front, every afternoon. This robust result which was first found in the Saildrone observations was shown to also be evident in observations from buoys and satellites. Furthermore, the research revealed that these daily cycles play a crucial role in shaping air pressure gradients and surface winds, potentially impacting large-scale air circulation patterns. This new insight into daily warming patterns illuminates the stabilizing and destabilizing drivers for the ocean and atmosphere, which will be essential to improving climate models and projections.
These results, published in
Nature Geoscience
, demonstrate the value of USVs like Saildrones for providing high-resolution data in both time and space, filling important gaps in understanding air-sea interactions in the tropical Pacific Ocean and across the world’s oceans. Such small-scale measurements are critical because of their potential to impact large-scale climate patterns. If we can accurately capture changes in sea surface temperature, atmospheric conditions, and ocean currents, these measurements will help scientists improve climate models and better predict weather events, ultimately leading to more effective strategies for mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Funding for this work was provided by the NOAA Climate Program Office’s
Climate Observations and Monitoring (COM) program
, NOAA
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) program
, and NOAA
Office of Marine and Aviation Operations
‘
Uncrewed Systems Operations Center
.
For more information, contact Clara Deck, NOAA Climate Program Office, at
clara.deck@noaa.gov
.
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January 14, 2025
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Arctic Research Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Meet Our 2024 Knauss Fellows: Allison Lepp and Kyla Kelly - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Meet  Our 2024 Knauss Fellows: Allison Lepp and Kyla Kelly
Jessica Mkitarian
March 6, 2024
People
,
People of GOMO
Following our annual tradition of hosting
Sea Grant Knauss Fellows
, this February the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program welcomed
Allison (Alie) Lepp
and
Kyla Kelly
!  Alie comes to GOMO from Virginia Sea Grant and is supporting the Arctic Research and Communications portfolios. Kyla is from the University of Southern California Sea Grant and is supporting GOMO’s Ocean Carbon portfolio. Alie and Kyla are the 15th and 16th Knauss Fellows that the GOMO office has hosted since 2005! Get to know them in their introductory blog below.
Allison Lepp, 2024 Knauss Fellow from Virginia Sea Grant
Kyla Kelly, 2024 Knauss Fellow from the University of Southern California Sea Grant
What made you apply for the Sea Grant Knauss Fellowship?
KYLA:
My dissertation research focused on examining the impacts of climate change on toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs). My data has the potential to improve models forecasting the occurrence of toxic blooms, leading to better event response and resource management for HAB-related challenges facing our coastal oceans. I applied for the Knauss Fellowship to understand how science like this can be translated and applied to strategic planning and national policy implementation for healthy oceans and resilient coastal communities.
ALIE:
I became aware of the Knauss Fellowship a couple of years ago, during a science policy bootcamp offered through my university. Listening to current fellows discuss how they have been able to apply elements of their scientific training to, for example, supporting science operations or drafting legislation, helped me to reimagine how I could leverage my scientific training to have an impact through science policy. Through Knauss, I’m excited to learn more about how NOAA engages across line offices and with legislators, develops and implements frameworks for national research priorities, and collaborates with a variety of partners, in order to support cutting-edge and globally vital research.
What drew you to the GOMO office?
KYLA:
GOMO’s critical role in making ocean carbon observations to improve climate change predictions strongly aligns with my interest in climate focused policy. My work as GOMO’s Carbon Coordination and Communication Fellow will be the perfect intersection between climate change policy and my background in phytoplankton biogeochemistry. This position also really interested me because of the opportunity to engage with scientists, from both academia and government, from a new, policy-focused perspective. I am excited to apply my scientific knowledge to real world issues related to ocean observing. Furthermore, when I asked the GOMO team what their favorite part of their jobs were during interviews, they all replied “the people.” Since joining I have experienced such a welcoming and supportive environment. GOMO’s collaborative, office-wide approach to supporting Knauss Fellows has felt very encouraging as I learn how to work in the science policy space.
ALIE:
Many offices that I interviewed with had clearly defined vantages – either the “30,000 ft view” or the “3,000-foot view” – that the fellow would be exposed to through the year. One of the reasons that GOMO stood out to me was because the portfolio comprised both interagency collaborations as well as more on-the-ground work, like engaging with scientists at NOAA’s research labs. I knew that this office presented a unique opportunity to get the best of both worlds: knowledge of how smart, thoughtful collaborations between different agencies, NGOs, indigenous communities, and academic institutions operate, and knowledge of the exciting, impactful science and research contributions. GOMO also has a long history of hosting Knauss Fellows and several members of the team are Knauss alumni themselves. I knew my mentors would bring that perspective to how they support me through the year, in encouraging me to make the most of different professional development opportunities and explore aspects of NOAA that may be beyond my portfolio items. It was evident during my interview that the folks in GOMO are a tight-knit and supportive team, and this energy has been undeniably present in my first few weeks as a fellow!
What do you like to do for fun? Do you have a favorite place in DC yet?
KYLA:
I love being outside every chance I get! On the weekends you might find me scuba diving, cycling, hiking, climbing, or skiing. I’m looking forward to exploring the national forests and parks around DC. While winter is still here, I’ve enjoyed going to the United States Botanic Garden to enjoy the greenery and warmth of the greenhouse. Also within DC, I’ve been enjoying the musical theater scene! A lot of shows start here before moving to Broadway, so it’s fun to get a sneak peak of new, up and coming shows.
ALIE
: Being in nature, enjoying music, and expanding my wine knowledge are three of my biggest hobbies. The weather hasn’t been optimal for hiking so I haven’t yet explored the DC trails too much, but am looking forward to that in the springtime. Instead, I’ve enjoyed exploring the local record shop scene (incredible, especially enjoyed Decibel records in Shaw!) and bookmarking all the live music events coming to DC that I plan to attend. Before and during my PhD, I worked and volunteered in the wine industry, and I love learning specifically about organic and natural (made with minimal intervention) winemaking processes. As someone with a background in geology and interests in sustainable farming, it’s fascinating to see the ways winemakers are overcoming the challenges of growing grapes in a changing climate. DC has some fantastic wine bars that feature natural and biodynamically-produced wines. So far, I’ve really liked LuLu’s Wine Garden and the Urban Grape for bottle shopping!
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From Mississippi to Australia: 3 Research Cruises Depart to Improve Understanding of the Atlantic and Southern Ocean
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Filling A Data Gap In The Tropical Pacific To Reveal Daily Air-Sea Interactions
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NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
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From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic
January 14, 2025
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
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Capacity Building Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Innovative tech to observe Arctic phytoplankton - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Innovative tech to observe Arctic phytoplankton
Sarah Tucker
October 5, 2023
Arctic Research Program
,
News
Repost of
original story
written by NOAA PMEL.
NOAA and partner scientists recently completed two successful field tests in the US Arctic merging new technologies and traditional ship surveys to assess real-time phytoplankton species distributions in response to surface warming.
The rapid warming of the Arctic Ocean has led to earlier sea ice retreats in spring and later arrivals in fall. This shift has prompted significant changes in phytoplankton communities, which is a critical measurement to understand ecosystem health.
In June 2023, 60 nautical miles of flights were coordinated with a research ship operating in the survey region to use a multispectral camera, the first of its kind. This provided an opportunity for scientists to distinguish phytoplankton species and physical characteristics in the Chukchi Sea.
Phytoplankton are a diverse group of microorganisms that grow via photosynthesis. Credit: coastalstudies.org.
The 2023 June Arctic Airborne Investigations and Research crew consisted of staff from NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations and University of Washington. They flew over the Southern and Central Chukchi Sea and coordinated overflights with R/V Sikuliaq. From left to right: Denise Miller (OMAO), Sarah Cozart (OMAO), Nicholas Underwood (OMAO), Jiaxu Zhang (UW/CICOES and NOAA PMEL), Michael Steele (UW/APL), and Zheng Liu (UW/APL). Photo credit: Brent Schoumaker (OMAO).
Phytoplankton bloom in the Bering Sea seen using satellite imagery. Credit: SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE.
The team from NOAA and the University of Washington tested a cutting-edge imaging system, to observe distributions of phytoplankton from the NOAA Twin Otter using a hyperspectral camera. The camera uses a sensor that takes many pixelated images that translate to an absorption spectrum based on the colors the phytoplankton reflects. The hyperspectral camera uses reflectiveness of the ocean to identify species and how much area they cover. It can be used to identify phytoplankton groups based on their pigment information. This emerging research method alongside the upcoming launch of the
NASA PACE
satellite may allow scientists to assess biodiversity in the ocean and in food webs and detect water quality issues such as harmful algal blooms (HABs).
This September 2023, additional flights were coordinated with the NOAA Arctic & Ecosystem Research Cruise on the R/V
Sikuliaq
to enable comparisons between the aircraft and ocean measurements. Adding in hyperspectral data provides a trifecta of sources to support monitoring of phytoplankton in the region. Satellite imagery can detect possible algal blooms, and ship-based samples can capture images in which species can be identified.
The combination of these technologies may provide the groundwork for the monitoring and managing of algal blooms in the US Arctic.
Support for this innovative research was provided in part by the
Arctic Research Program
from NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program.
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Extreme Events Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
Image Credit: Ivan Bandura, Unsplash
Meet the Early Career Ocean Scientists Working to Improve Hurricane Forecasts
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO) received funding through the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act to support a focused ocean-atmosphere observing experiment during the 2023 hurricane season. This research experiment, called the Coordinated Hurricane Atmosphere-Ocean Sampling (CHAOS) is an integrated field campaign led by GOMO’s new Extreme Events Program and conducted as part
Read More »
September 29, 2023
Meet the Women Advancing NOAA Hurricane Research and Forecasting
How seven women across NOAA are leading advances in hurricane technology, observing, and forecasting Hurricanes, also known as tropical cyclones, are among the most destructive natural disasters. These storms pose major risks to coastal communities and cost billions of dollars each year in damages. Impacts are expected to increase with warming ocean temperatures, rising sea
Read More »
June 12, 2023
Improving Hurricane Predictions by Observing the Ocean with Cheyenne Stienbarger
This World Ocean Month, we sat down with Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program Manager Cheyenne Stienbarger to learn more about how ocean observing research can help improve predictions of extreme events. What is your role in GOMO? I am a program manager for the Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS) and the Extreme Events
Read More »
June 15, 2022
Join NOAA at the Predicted Ocean Laboratory this Sept. 15
Join NOAA at the Predicted Ocean Laboratory this Sept. 15 Allies in Extreme Weather Prediction: NOAA’s long standing partnership with Indonesia On September 15, 2021, NOAA Research Assistant Administrator Craig McLean will co-host a worldwide, two-day event to bring together voices and ideas focused on predicting ocean conditions for the benefit of science and society.
Read More »
September 7, 2021
Successful Workshop for ‘Integrating Ocean Observations to Improve NOAA’s Hurricane Intensity Forecasts’
Successful Workshop for ‘Integrating Ocean Observations to Improve NOAA’s Hurricane Intensity Forecasts’ NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, along with U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) and Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), recently held the virtual workshop “Integrating Ocean Observations to Improve NOAA’s Hurricane Intensity Forecasts.” This workshop brought together leaders in the
Read More »
February 1, 2021
Upcoming Workshop: Integrating Ocean Observations to Improve NOAA’s Hurricane Intensity Forecasts
Upcoming Workshop: Integrating Ocean Observations to Improve NOAA’s Hurricane Intensity Forecasts The GOMO-led Extreme Events Ocean Observations Task Team is organizing the workshop: Integrating Ocean Observations to Improve NOAA’s Hurricane Intensity Forecasts. The workshop will be held virtually from Tuesday, January 26 through Thursday, January 28, 2021. This workshop will focus on upper ocean and
Read More »
December 21, 2020
Hurricane Drifters Deployed Ahead of Epsilon
Hurricane Drifters Deployed Ahead of Epsilon On October 22, 2020 a C-130J of the US Air Force Reserve 53rd squadron “Hurricane Hunters” deployed 12 drifters ahead of Hurricane Epsilon northeast of Bermuda. The drifters, designed and built at Scripps’ Lagrangian Drifter Lab and funded by the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, are measuring directional
Read More »
November 6, 2020
Eight Drifting Buoys Deployed in Front of Hurricane Teddy
Eight Drifting Buoys Deployed in Front of Hurricane Teddy On Saturday, September 19, 2020 eight drifting buoys were deployed in front of Hurricane Teddy. The photo to the left shows loading of eight hurricane drifters onto the US Air Force C-130 Cargo airplane for deployments. A variety of drifter types were deployed and will measure sea surface temperature
Read More »
October 1, 2020
NOAA’s Efforts to Improve Hurricane Forecasts Tested on Isaias
NOAA’s Efforts to Improve Hurricane Forecasts Tested on Isaias with Gliders, Drifters, and Argo floats NOAA’s Extreme Events-Ocean Observations (EE-OO) Task Team supports the coordination of targeted and sustained ocean observing efforts to improve the understanding of air-sea interaction during high wind events, with the goal of improving the accuracy of hurricane intensity forecasts. The
Read More »
August 10, 2020
Glider in the Gulf Stream Gathers Vital Data Days Before Early Storm
Glider in the Gulf Stream Gathers Vital Data Days Before Early Storm An autonomous underwater glider in the Gulf Stream has gathered information ahead of early-season Tropical Storm Arthur, passing within 75 kilometers of the eye of the storm. This routine operation provided observations of the relatively cool upper ocean waters (less than the 26°C typically
Read More »
June 2, 2020
Hurricane Lorenzo Passes Directly Over PIRATA Mooring
Hurricane Lorenzo Passes Directly Over PIRATA Mooring On Thursday, September 26, 2019, Hurricane Lorenzo tracked directly over the PIRATA T-Flex mooring at 15°N, 38°W. Despite the direct hit, the mooring remains in position and continues to transmit high-quality, high-resolution data in real-time. Refer to the image which shows the approximate location of the PIRATA mooring
Read More »
January 9, 2020
Hurricane Gliders Launched in the Gulf Stream
/*! elementor – v3.17.0 – 08-11-2023 */ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=”.svg”]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} Hurricane Glider in the Gulf Stream, July 2019. Credit: Robert Todd, WHOI Two hurricane gliders are making their way up the Gulf Stream to measure heat content to help forecast tropical storms and hurricanes. One glider was released on July 24, 2019 from
Read More »
January 9, 2020
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4 Ways NOAA is Studying the Ocean's Role in Climate - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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4 Ways NOAA is Studying the Ocean’s Role in Climate
Jessica Mkitarian
June 19, 2021
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
So you think you know what’s in the ocean?
Even with decades of scientific research, more than 80 percent of the ocean remains
unmapped, unobserved, and unexplored
– which is a lot considering that more than 70 percent of the globe is covered by the ocean. NOAA’s
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program
(GOMO) has the distinct mission of supporting ocean observations to improve our understanding of the ocean’s role in environmental change – which is becoming increasingly important as we study climate change.
Through research supported by GOMO and other parts of NOAA, we have made important strides in our understanding of trends in
ocean heat storage
,
carbon dioxide uptake
, the Earth’s
energy imbalance
and more. NOAA supports a suite of ocean observing and monitoring tools (also called
instruments
or
platforms
) that make this research possible. Learn about four of these ocean observing tools below – maybe you have already seen some in the ocean!
Argo Floats
Standing at five feet tall, these robotic, autonomous floats can be found everywhere in the global ocean! In fact, today there are about 4,000 floats globally that drift with ocean currents and are part of the international
Argo Program
. NOAA led the development of the Argo Program in 1999,  which today includes participation from about 30 countries. Argo floats have sensors that collect temperature and salinity data. Every 10 days, floats dive 2,000 meters (1.2 miles) deep, collect data, then resurface to transmit this data to satellites that make it publicly available within hours. Scientists are currently developing floats that can
dive even deeper
— to 6,000 meters or 3.7 miles below the ocean’s surface — and floats that can measure more variables in the ocean (at 2,000 meters deep) – oxygen, chlorophyll, nitrate, pH, and particle content. These
biogeochemical floats
will enable scientists to study important marine processes in more parts of the globe than ever before, and to monitor ocean health, which can help improve fisheries management and inform climate policy.
Argo is also used in classrooms in the Pacific Islands to help students understand impacts of climate change. The program Scientific Educational Resources and Experience Associated with the Deployment of Argo profiling floats in the South Pacific Ocean (
SEREAD
), is an educational program and resource that provides regionally relevant and focused ocean science that is built upon Argo data in a format that fits directly into existing curricula of Pacific Island schools.
Gliders
Underwater gliders
are robotic instruments that collect ocean data over long periods of time. While they are similar in purpose to Argo floats, gliders are much larger and uniquely can be controlled remotely, allowing scientists to alter their paths, which is key for surveying parts of the ocean where other instruments may have drifted away. Gliders generally operate for several months at a time, collecting a suite of ocean data with different sensors. GOMO supports glider observations in the California and Atlantic coasts, regions that are important for understanding ocean processes and improving forecasts. Gliders are particularly important for improving hurricane intensity forecasts, which is a huge research focus area at
NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Atmospheric Lab.
Drifters
Drifting buoys, or “drifters,” are beach ball-sized buoys that you may have seen out in the water. Unlike Argo floats or gliders that dive underwater, drifters float at the surface of the ocean. Drifters can measure temperature, salinity, sea level pressure, wind, currents, and even wave properties. There are currently about 1,300 drifters in the global ocean as part of the
Global Drifter Program
. GOMO works with the
Scripps Langrangian Drifter Lab
(LDL) to develop different types of drifters, and NOAA’s
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab
(AOML) to deploy drifters in scientifically significant parts of the ocean.
Drifters are important observing tools when it comes to studying and predicting extreme events. In 2020, 36 drifters were deployed in front of hurricanes. In 2019,
five wave drifters were deployed
off Ocean X’s Alucia ship on its way from Miami to Lisbon, Portugal to follow the Gulf Stream and track ocean health. The Gulf Stream is an important boundary current that many countries depend on to transport goods, which makes this a prime location to study waves as they impact ship navigation and maritime safety.
Drifters are also used in classrooms through the
Adopt-a-Drifter Program
. Students can “adopt” a drifter and then follow its journey in the ocean by tracking its data and learning real life oceanography.
Moored Buoys
If you’ve spent a lot of time in the ocean, you may have come across a gathering of sea lions or seagulls on a structure known as a moored buoy, or mooring. These ocean observing giants are anchored in place and provide a “gold standard” of data because they allow scientists to track changes in the exact same location over long time scales. GOMO supports two main arrays of moorings around the globe: the
Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array Program
(GTMBA) and
Ocean Reference Stations
(OceanSITES).
The GTMBA is an international effort to provide data in real-time for climate research and forecasting. It is made up of three arrays: TAO/TRITON in the Pacific, PIRATA in the Atlantic, and RAMA in the Indian Ocean. The Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (
PIRATA
) Northeast Extension (
PNE
) studies ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropical Atlantic that affect regional weather and climate variability on seasonal, interannual and longer time scales. The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (
RAMA
) studies the Indian Ocean’s role in monsoons and helps improve monsoon forecasts. RAMA also provides an opportunity for capacity development and training of the next generation of oceanographers through workshops supported by the
Data Buoy Cooperation Panel
.
OceanSITES
is another global array of buoys — in this case called ocean reference stations — that measure a variety of ocean health variables and monitor the full depth of the ocean, from the sea surface to 5,000 meters (3 miles) deep. OceanSITES buoys provide high-quality data from long-term, high-frequency observations at fixed locations in the open ocean. The network complements satellite imagery and other observing instruments (like Argo floats). GOMO currently supports seven OceanSITES moorings around the globe, including the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Site (
WHOTS
) focusing on trade winds, the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (
NTAS
) focusing on hurricane intensity and the
Stratus
mooring, which is located off the coast of northern Chile and named after the
stratus clouds
affect the ocean and atmospheric conditions in the eastern Pacific and impact the climate of this region.
While there is still a lot to learn about the ocean, buoys, Argo floats, drifters and gliders are important tools that are helping us
collect valuable data
and improve climate and weather forecasts around the world.
Glider in the Gulf Stream, July 2019
An adopted drifter deployed in the ocean
Crew deploy a RAMA buoy in the Indian Ocean
The international RAMA community
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New Release: 2021 Ocean Observing System Report Card
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Meet our 2025 Knauss Fellow, Mary Beth Armstrong
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NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
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From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic
January 14, 2025
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
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Global Drifter Program - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GLOBAL DRIFTER PROGRAM
The Global Drifter Program is the largest component of the Global Surface Drifting Buoy Array, a branch of NOAA’s
Global Ocean Observing System
(GOOS), and a scientific project of the
Data Buoy Cooperation Panel
(DBCP). Its objectives are to:
1. Maintain a global array of more than 1300 satellite-tracked surface drifting buoys to meet the need for an accurate and globally dense set of in-situ observations of mixed layer currents, sea surface temperature, atmospheric pressure, winds and salinity, and
2. Provide a data processing system for scientific use of these data.
Relevant Links
NOAA AOML Global Drifter Program
Scripps Lagrangian Drifter Lab
Data
GDP Drifter Data
News From the Global Drifter Program:
Drifting Buoys Track Hurricane Michael in the Gulf of Mexico
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The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
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XBT Network - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Arctic Research Program
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The Ocean
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Arctic Research Program
Argo Program
Extreme Events Program
Glider Network
Global Drifter Program
Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array
Ocean Carbon Network
Ocean Reference Stations (OceanSITES)
Sea Level Monitoring
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eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) NETWORK
Boundary currents are critical elements in the global circulation and heat budget. Boundary currents carry mass, heat, freshwater and biogeochemical properties along their paths and into the ocean interior. The strength and variability of boundary currents affect the intensity of air-sea exchange of heat, moisture, and carbon and influence storm-track evolution and other extreme weather events. The global
High Density eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBT) Network
is an international effort that produces unique and high quality upper ocean temperature data across fixed repeat transects that, in conjunction with observations from other tools such as Argo floats and underwater gliders, monitor the variability of key ocean currents. XBTs monitor the variability of boundary currents, surface and subsurface currents, and basin-wide upper-ocean heat transport.
The XBT network is presently the main component of the global ocean observing system to provide long-term (>30 years) temperature sections to 800 meters depth across boundary currents and across ocean basins. XBTs are typically deployed every 20-30 kilometers at least four times per year along repeating coast-to-coast transects that resolve mesoscale variability and the major ocean boundary currents. Annually, between 10,000 to 15,000 XBTs are deployed globally, and their data are transmitted in real-time to ocean and weather forecast centers and submitted to data distribution centers. These data contribute to assessments of the state of the ocean, particularly of long term ocean variability, monitor boundary currents, fronts and eddies, provide continuous monitoring of meridional heat transport across ocean basins. XBT data provide in situ data for assimilating into and evaluating ocean and ocean-atmosphere models, which have been used to find links between changes of ocean currents and transports with extreme weather events, sea level changes, ecosystems, and fisheries.
Relevant Links
AOML XBT Network
Scripps Institution of Oceanography High Resolution XBT/CTD Network
Data
NOAA/NCEI
GTSPP
World Ocean Atlas
Global XBT data from international partners
GOMO HEADQUARTERS
1315 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910
gomo@noaa.gov
SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER
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By subscribing to this newsletter I acknowledge NOAA's privacy policy
ABOUT US
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
NOAA LINKS
NOAA Privacy Statement
Web Accessibility Statement
Disclaimer for External Links
NOAA
CONTACT US
U.S. Department of Commerce
USA.gov
FOIA
NOAA Research
Customer Satisfaction Survey