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Extreme Events Archives - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO HEADQUARTERS
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About Us - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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We are all connected by a global ocean
Image Credit: NASA Johnson
Image Credit: NASA Johnson
Mission:
to provide and support high quality global ocean observations and research to improve our scientific understanding and inform society about the ocean’s role in environmental change.
Vision:
a resilient, innovative, and fully integrated global ocean observing system that benefits scientific research, fosters environmental stewardship and serves society.
Why do we observe the ocean?
Ocean observations are used in climate and weather prediction models and help us understand our changing ocean and its impact on the environment.
Increasing our knowledge of patterns, trends, and the state of the global ocean can help with prediction of hurricanes, interannual events such as El Niño, and even the 10-day weather forecast. Ocean observing research also helps with maritime safety and navigation, coastal planning, farming, and the blue economy. Our research informs policy and it helps improve the livelihood of communities from the Arctic to island nations. Read more about how our research informs
NOAA’s priorities
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The Impact of our Work
GOMO provides highly impactful ocean observations,
advances new technologies, and expands our capabilities and community engagement that
shapes the ocean observing system of the future.
Our Accomplishments Report highlights some of GOMO’s activities over the past fiscal year and the impact of our
work.
Download the Report
We Support the Advancement of Ocean Science
GOMO provides support for institutions from around the country that foster advancements in understanding and protecting our global oceans. View the research projects that impact people, ecosystems, and the economy.
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ocean heat Archives - Page 2 of 4 - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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ocean heat
Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
Image Credit: Ivan Bandura, Unsplash
Warmest Arctic Summer on Record is Evidence of Accelerating Climate Change: 2023 Arctic Report Card Released
New chapters in 2023 Arctic Report Card show the promise of Indigenous knowledge to strengthen resilience  On December 12, NOAA’s 2023 Arctic Report Card released at a press conference hosted by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) as part of its Fall Meeting. Opening remarks were provided by NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad. Lead editor Rick Thoman
Read More »
December 12, 2023
Recent “Triple-Dip” La Niña upends current understanding of ENSO
Repost of original story posted by NOAA Research on November 7, 2023. With the current El Niño in full force, researchers are still puzzling over the 2020–2023 La Niña that upended current understanding of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. The three consecutive years of La Niña conditions – a rare “triple-dip” phenomenon – had widespread impacts
Read More »
November 22, 2023
Scientists Team with Commercial Shipping Industry to Collect Ocean Observations in the Caribbean Sea
Five autonomous profiling floats were deployed from a commercial vessel into the depths of the Caribbean Sea to improve ocean and hurricane research.  Captain Vassili Pugatsov and the crew of the M/V Bulk Xaymaca, in cooperation with the Argo Float Group at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, deployed these ocean observing instruments, known as Argo floats,
Read More »
August 25, 2023
Meet the Women Advancing NOAA Hurricane Research and Forecasting
How seven women across NOAA are leading advances in hurricane technology, observing, and forecasting Hurricanes, also known as tropical cyclones, are among the most destructive natural disasters. These storms pose major risks to coastal communities and cost billions of dollars each year in damages. Impacts are expected to increase with warming ocean temperatures, rising sea
Read More »
June 12, 2023
U.S. Ambassador to Iceland Visits NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown After 55-day GO-SHIP Cruise Docks in Reykjavik
After 55 days at sea and a successful re-occupation of 150 ocean stations as a part of the decadal GO-SHIP transect A16N, NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown received a welcome visit from the U.S. Ambassador to Iceland, Carrin F. Patman, in Reykjavik this May. During the visit, Ambassador Patman embarked on a tour of the
Read More »
May 31, 2023
Stratus Mooring Celebrates 22 Years of Observations, Provides Critical Data on El Niño-La Niña Conditions and Ocean Heat
On February 28, 2023, a team of oceanographers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Upper Ocean Processes Group made the 21st replacement of the Stratus mooring. Since the mooring was initially deployed in October 2000, this achievement marks over 22 years of Stratus observations, making it one of the longest continuously occupied surface mooring
Read More »
May 15, 2023
Global Ocean Observing for Earth Day
To better care for our Earth and mitigate the effects of climate change, we must first look to the ocean. This Earth Day, we invite you to learn more about NOAA’s contributions to the global ocean observing system. Every day, millions of ocean measurements are collected from the surface to the seafloor, all across the
Read More »
April 21, 2023
First NOAA GO-SHIP Cruise in 5 years Departs to Study Unique Atlantic Basin
30-years of ocean observations provide view into long-term ocean trends On March 6, a team of scientists on the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown departed from Suape, Brazil for a 55-day cruise to the northerly waters of Reykjavik, Iceland. With 150 planned stops along this cruise track known as A16N, measurements of heat, freshwater, carbon,
Read More »
March 7, 2023
First Cruise in Three Years in Support of the South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Project
This story is excerpted below. Read the full story on NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meterological Laboratory (AOML) website! After two weeks at sea, the South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (SAM) project team, led by Renellys Perez and Shenfu Dong (NOAA/AOML), completed its first cruise since June 2019!  The SAM project, which began in 2009, seeks to capture the daily
Read More »
September 18, 2022
Key Climate Observations Restored with Deployment of KEO Buoy
Key Climate Observations Restored with Deployment of KEO Buoy On March 31, 2022, the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) moored buoy was successfully deployed by NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Lab and partners, renewing an ongoing OceanSITES time series that began almost 18 years ago. First deployed in 2004, its time series was disrupted by the COVID pandemic. KEO collects vital
Read More »
April 19, 2022
4 Ways NOAA is Studying the Ocean’s Role in Climate
So you think you know what’s in the ocean? Even with decades of scientific research, more than 80 percent of the ocean remains unmapped, unobserved, and unexplored – which is a lot considering that more than 70 percent of the globe is covered by the ocean. NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO) has the distinct mission of supporting
Read More »
June 19, 2021
GO-SHIP Launches First GO-BGC Argo Float named Europa
GO-SHIP Launches First GO-BGC Argo Float named Europa The first biogeochemical Argo float of the new NSF-funded GO-BGC Array program was launched on March 24, 2021 by researchers onboard the GO-SHIP A20 Expedition in the Western North Atlantic. The float, named Europa, was adopted and named by the Fauquier County Public Schools in Warrenton, Virginia. A total of
Read More »
May 2, 2021
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GOMO HEADQUARTERS
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gomo@noaa.gov
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The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
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ocean heat Archives - Page 3 of 4 - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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ocean heat
Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
Image Credit: Ivan Bandura, Unsplash
PIRATA Research Cruise Continues Tropical Atlantic Ocean-Atmosphere Monitoring
PIRATA Research Cruise Continues Tropical Atlantic Ocean-Atmosphere Monitoring On February 24, 2021, the Ronald H. Brown ship arrived in Key West, Florida after completing a long awaited research cruise to service the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) Northeast Extension (PNE). The cruise was led by Dr. Greg Foltz as Chief Scientist, and included researchers
Read More »
March 24, 2021
Stratus Ocean Reference Station Successfully Deployed Off Coast of Chile
Stratus Ocean Reference Station Successfully Deployed Off Coast of Chile On January 28, 2021 the 19th deployment of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS) was accomplished using the Chilean Navy Ship AGS 61 Cabo de Hornos. The Stratus ORS is located about 800 nautical miles off the coast of northern Chile, at 220 31’ S, 850 48’ W, where the ocean
Read More »
February 10, 2021
GOMO at the AGU Fall Meeting 2020
GOMO at the AGU Fall Meeting 2020 The American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting will take place virtually this year from December 1-17. GOMO Program Manager, Emily Smith, and Knauss Fellows Cheyenne Stienbarger and Ann-Christine Zinkann will be leading sessions below. GOMO’s 2020 Hollings Scholar Amanda O’Shaughnessy will be presenting a poster of her research on sea level planning, and
Read More »
November 25, 2020
Eight Drifting Buoys Deployed in Front of Hurricane Teddy
Eight Drifting Buoys Deployed in Front of Hurricane Teddy On Saturday, September 19, 2020 eight drifting buoys were deployed in front of Hurricane Teddy. The photo to the left shows loading of eight hurricane drifters onto the US Air Force C-130 Cargo airplane for deployments. A variety of drifter types were deployed and will measure sea surface temperature
Read More »
October 1, 2020
Climate Variability in Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes
Climate Variability in Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes Period of Activity: 01 October 2018 – 30 September 2019 Principal Investigator: Dr. Mark A. Bourassa, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies Project Summary Florida State University (FSU) produces monthly in-situ fields of surface winds (the ‘FSU Winds’) for the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. We are developing a
Read More »
March 19, 2020
Hurricane Gliders Launched in the Gulf Stream
/*! elementor – v3.17.0 – 08-11-2023 */ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=”.svg”]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} Hurricane Glider in the Gulf Stream, July 2019. Credit: Robert Todd, WHOI Two hurricane gliders are making their way up the Gulf Stream to measure heat content to help forecast tropical storms and hurricanes. One glider was released on July 24, 2019 from
Read More »
January 9, 2020
Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream
Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream On Saturday, December 14, 2019, two drifting buoys were deployed off OceanX’s Alucia ship in Miami to follow the Gulf Stream and track important ocean health and maritime safety conditions. Three more drifters are set to be deployed off the 184 foot research vessel over the next
Read More »
January 9, 2020
Successful Deployment of KEO Ocean Climate Station
Successful Deployment of KEO Ocean Climate Station September 24 – 29, 2019: Pacific Marine Environmental Lab (PMEL) and partners aboard the Kaiyo Maru #1 successfully completed the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) mooring turnaround cruise during typhoon season. The cruise began later than expected after facing delays due to typhoon Tapah. Sandwiched between weather systems, the KEO mooring was
Read More »
January 9, 2020
Absolute Velocity Estimates from Autonomous Underwater Gliders Equipped with Doppler Current Profilers
Absolute Velocity Estimates from Autonomous Underwater Gliders Equipped with Doppler Current Profilers A study published in the Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology demonstrates the value of glider-based Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP). ADCPs can take measurements with high-resolutions in the deep ocean, making them an efficient tool for sampling large areas in relatively short times. These
Read More »
March 7, 2017
NOAA announces $4.5M in funding for new observing technologies for ENSO research and predictions
NOAA announces $4.5M in funding for new observing technologies for ENSO research and predictions NOAA is investing $4.5 million over the next four years in four projects testing technology to enhance Tropical Pacific Ocean observing, which improves understanding of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), its prediction, and how it affects Earth’s weather. Understanding ENSO’s effects has been
Read More »
July 2, 2016
Improving Estimates of Earth’s Energy Balance
Improving Estimates of Earth’s Energy Balance A letter recently published in Nature Climate Change details work partially funded by the CPO overviewing a strong agreement in measurements of Earth’s energy imbalance by Argo Profiling Floats and the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System, or CERES. Because the ocean stores 90% of Earth’s energy imbalance, accurate measurements of ocean temperature
Read More »
June 24, 2016
Pacific Arctic Observations Addressing Causes and Consequences of Sea Ice Loss
Pacific Arctic Observations Addressing Causes and Consequences of Sea Ice Loss In 2015, NOAA’s Arctic Research Program competitively funded three new five-year projects involving $4.2 million in grants (and benefit from additional support by interagency and international partners). Through these three new projects, university partners will help to carry out multidisciplinary observations and research for
Read More »
October 7, 2015
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gomo@noaa.gov
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ABOUT US
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
NOAA LINKS
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argo Archives - Page 2 of 2 - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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argo
Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
Image Credit: Ivan Bandura, Unsplash
Announcement of Workshop Series: The Global Biogeochemical-Argo Fleet: Knowledge to Action
Announcement of Workshop Series: The Global Biogeochemical-Argo Fleet: Knowledge to Action May 4, 11, 18, 25 and June 1 A virtual workshop building on the priorities of the G7 Future of the Seas and Oceans Initiative will be held to explore the applications of a global data-stream from the Biogeochemical-Argo array in fisheries, carbon budget verification, and
Read More »
April 23, 2021
8 Ways to Visualize Argo Data
8 Ways to Visualize Argo Data The international Argo Program held its 20th Data Management Meeting October 13-18, 2019 in Villefranche-sur-mer, France. The Argo Data Management Team Meeting is a time for the data managers who contribute to Argo to come together and discuss technical matters pertaining to the Argo data stream. For the first time, this
Read More »
January 9, 2020
NOAA Research Awards $3 Million for Biogeochemical Argo Float Research
NOAA Research Awards $3 Million for Biogeochemical Argo Float Research Four new research projects are giving a boost to NOAA’s ability to measure, track and forecast ocean acidification, warming and other important ocean health indicators. NOAA Research’s Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division has awarded $3 million in funding for projects that will expand the ability
Read More »
January 9, 2020
NOAA invests in new tools to measure the ocean
This is a repost of NOAA Research’s original story published October 9, 2019. Four new research projects are giving a boost to NOAA’s ability to measure, track and forecast ocean acidification, warming and other important ocean health indicators. NOAA Research’s Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division has awarded $3 million in funding for projects that will expand the
Read More »
October 9, 2019
Argo Program Achieves Milestone with Two Million Ocean Measurements
This is a repost of NOAA Research’s original story published December 10, 2018 An Argo float recently surfaced in the Atlantic Ocean to transmit temperature and salinity measurements from over a mile deep. This float was made in France and launched by German scientists in 2016, and it is one of thousands in the international Argo
Read More »
December 10, 2018
Deep Argo floats deployed in the Pacific
Steve Piotrowicz, program manager at CPO’s Office of Climate Observation joined the crew of the R/V Tangaroa in mid-June for a Deep Argo Development cruise. The R/V Tangaroa, operated by New Zealand’s National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research sailed from Wellington, New Zealand on June 16, 2014. The R/V Tangaroa, operated by New Zealand’s National
Read More »
July 1, 2014
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ocean heat Archives - Page 4 of 4 - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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ocean heat
Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
Image Credit: Ivan Bandura, Unsplash
NOAA’s Climate Program Office awards $22.3 million to advance climate science
NOAA’s Climate Program Office awards $22.3 million to advance climate science NOAA’s Climate Program Office (CPO) has awarded more than $22.3 million to support 77 multi-year projects conducted by research partners.  With these new awards, CPO helps improve the breadth and scope of climate research, and offers opportunities for collaboration within and integration between programs.
Read More »
February 10, 2015
NOAA Joins with Princeton and Other Institutions in Six-Year Study to Help Public Better Understand Southern Ocean
NOAA Joins with Princeton and Other Institutions in Six-Year Study to Help Public Better Understand Southern Ocean The Southern Ocean that encircles Antarctica lends a considerable hand in keeping Earth’s temperature hospitable by soaking up half of the human-made carbon in the atmosphere and a majority of the planet’s excess heat. Yet, the inner workings
Read More »
September 10, 2014
Long-term warming and environmental change trends persist in the Arctic in 2013
Long-term warming and environmental change trends persist in the Arctic in 2013 NOAA’s annual Arctic Report Card, introduced in 2006 by the NOAA Climate Program Office, found that cooler temperatures in the summer of 2013 across the central Arctic Ocean, Greenland and northern Canada moderated the record sea ice loss and extensive melting that the surface
Read More »
December 19, 2013
A milestone in advancing the physical science basis of climate variability and change
A milestone in advancing the physical science basis of climate variability and change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report on “The Physical Science Basis” of climate change has been completed and will appear online on Sept. 30, 2013. This report represents a milestone in the understanding of the Earth system and climate
Read More »
September 27, 2013
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2022 GOMO Program Review - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO PROGRAM REVIEW
July 11 - 14, 2022
Home
Agenda
Presentations
Documents
The Review
Reference the Charge to Reviewers (PDF).
Final Program Review Report (PDF).
GOMO Program Review Response Plan (PDF).
Updated GOMO Program Review Response Plan – Year 1 (PDF)
.
Program reviews are conducted every five years to evaluate the quality, relevance, and performance of research conducted in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR). This review is for both internal OAR/NOAA use for planning, programming, and budgeting, and external interests and helps the Program in its strategic planning of future research activities. These reviews are intended to ensure that OAR research is linked to the NOAA Research mission and priorities, and other relevant strategic plans and to ensure that research is of high quality as judged by preeminence criteria, and is carried out with a high level of performance.
This will be GOMO’s first Program Review and will serve to inform future planning, budgeting, internal and external interests and connections. This review will cover the program activities of GOMO over the last five years (2017-2021). The three focus areas for the review are:
Focus Area 1:
US leadership of an ocean and Arctic observing research enterprise
Focus Area 2:
Frontiers in ocean observing
Focus Area 3:
Information and product development to ensure data access and usability; and to increase the value/impact of ocean observations
Planning Team
The Team
Focus Area 1
Focus Area 2
Focus Area 3
Review Panel
Review Chair: Dr. Laura Lorenzoni
Review Chair: Dr. Laura Lorenzoni
Program Scientist for the Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program Science Mission Directorate at the NASA Headquarters Science Mission Directorate, USA
Laura Lorenzoni is a Program Scientist for the Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program (OBB) in the NASA Headquarters Science Mission Directorate. The OBB program focuses on describing, understanding, and predicting biological and biogeochemical conditions, interactions and changes in the upper ocean, as determined by observation of aquatic optical properties using remote sensing and in situ data.
Laura completed her undergraduate in Biology at the Universidad Simon Bolivar (Venezuela), and subsequently earned both her Master’s and PhD degrees in Marine Science at the University of South Florida. Her research interests include land-ocean interactions, and the influence of rivers on transport and distribution of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the coastal ocean. For over a decade, she worked with the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series project, and has been an advocate of time-series (in situ ship-based and autonomous, as well as satellite remote sensing) as tools to understand natural and anthropogenic changes in the ocean.
Dr. Craig Lee
Dr. Craig Lee
Senior Principal Oceanographer, Professor of Oceanography, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, USA
Craig Lee is a physical oceanographer specializing in observations and instrument development. Lee founded and leads a team of scientists and technologists that pursues a wide range of research including studies of small-scale dynamics, physical-biogeochemical interactions, atmosphere-ice-ocean dynamics and Arctic change. An important component of this work involves developing new instruments and approaches to collect novel observations, including long-endurance gliders, autonomous platforms for operation in ice-covered waters, high-performance towed vehicles and light-weight, inexpensive mooring technologies. The team is the development group behind the Seaglider family, one of the three operational long-endurance glider designs. Lee provides leadership through service on the science steering committees, by serving on and chairing advisory panels and through briefings provided to federal and international bodies.
Dr. Patrick J. Hogan
Dr. Patrick J. Hogan
Ocean Sciences Branch Chief for the National Centers for Environmental Information, NOAA, USA
Dr. Patrick Hogan is the Chief of OGSSD’s  Oceanographic Sciences Branch. He manages a Product and Services Portfolio that covers a wide spectrum of oceanographic topics, ranging from Living Marine Resources to Arctic Assessments. Prior to coming to NOAA in 2020, Pat worked at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) where he was the head of the Open Ocean Processes and Prediction Systems Section for 12 years and the Lead Principal Investigator (PI) on research projects funded at over $13M during the last 10 years. At NRL, he was leading a team working on ocean dynamics and ocean data assimilation in concert with global ocean prediction systems that transition to the operational U.S. Navy. Patrick has also worked closely with the ocean glider community through Rutgers University and participated in the US ARGO Review. Patrick is a member of the OceanPredict Science Team (previously GODAE); Board Member (elected) of the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System (GCOOS); Member, Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS); and holds an adjunct faculty position at the University of Southern Mississippi. Patrick earned his Ph.D., in Marine Sciences from theUniversity of Southern Mississippi and holds a Masters Degree in Geology and Geophysics from the University of New Orleans and a B.S. in Geology from the University of Kansas.
Mr. Justin Manley
Mr. Justin Manley
Founder at Just Innovation Inc and President-Elect at Marine Technology Society, USA
Justin Manley is an innovative technologist and executive with experience in commercial, academic, and public sectors. He has been working with marine technology, especially uncrewed systems, since 1990. He worked with autonomous vehicles at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1993 to 2002. Between 2002 and 2009 Mr. Manley provided marine technology consulting services, primarily to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
In 2009 Mr. Manley transitioned to the private sector, joining Liquid Robotics during its startup phase. There he was responsible for developing new commercial and scientific programs. In 2011 he joined Teledyne Benthos where he managed a diverse product portfolio and led the development of a networked systems strategy across Teledyne Marine Systems (Benthos, Webb Research, Gavia, and SeaBotix).
Drawn back to entrepreneurial endeavors, Mr. Manley founded Just Innovation Inc. in 2015. He advises clients including startups, multinational corporations, investors, and philanthropies with technical interests in uncrewed vehicles, robotics, sensors, and undersea systems. Mr. Manley offers clients support with strategy and innovation, business and product development, evangelism, and marketing.
Mr. Manley is extensively involved in the marine technology profession. He is a Senior Member of IEEE, a Life Member of the Marine Technology Society (and President-Elect for 2020-2021), a Fellow of the Institute for Marine Engineering Science and Technology (IMAREST), a founding member of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Advisory Committee, and current member of the NOAA Ocean Exploration Advisory Board (OEAB). He is dedicated to innovation, mentoring startup companies, and serving as a judge for the XPRIZE Foundation. He holds two patents in the area of uncrewed systems oversight and security.
Dr. Josh Willis
Dr. Josh Willis
Lead Scientist, NASA, USA
Josh Willis is the lead NASA scientist for the satellite missions that measure sea level, Jason-3 and Sentinel-6 (
https://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov
).  He is also the Principal Investigator for the airborne NASA mission Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG, https://omg.jpl.nasa.gov).  OMG was a 6-year experiment to understand the extent to which the oceans are melting Greenland’s ice from below.  Willis has worked at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a Climate Scientist since 2006, and as a postdoc since 2004.  His research interests include understanding the ocean’s role in climate change, the causes of sea level rise, and the interaction between the oceans and the Greenland ice sheet.  His CV is available at
https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Willis/
.
Dr. Katy Hill
Dr. Katy Hill
UK G7 Marine Science Coordinator, National Oceanography Centre, UK
Katy is the UK G7 Marine Science Coordinator, funded by the UK Government, and part of the G7 Future of the Seas and Oceans Initiative Coordination Centre. The FSOI is focused on strengthening the sustained observing system, identifying and promoting priorities for coordinated action and investment across the G7. The coordination centre is responsible for implementing the agreed G7 work plan and she is also acting as focal point for UK coordination and engagement in G7 activities across programmes, funding agencies and government representatives. Recently Katy served on the review committee of the EuroGOOS programme, and was also an invited author for the European Marine Board Policy Brief on Sustaining In Situ Ocean Observations in the Digital Age.
Previously Katy worked for the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and managed GOOS’s relationship with the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). She was responsible for overseeing the requirements, design and evaluation of the ocean observing system for physics and its delivery to climate and operational applications. Katy oversaw the establishment and delivery of the Tropical Pacific Observing System 2020 project, to transform the design of the observing system, successfully engaging new partners. She also led the development of a WMO ocean position paper which highlighted the need for effort to be focussed on understanding, monitoring and predicting the ocean in order to achieve the objectives outlined in the WMO Strategy. Prior to that, Katy played a central role in Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System from its inception. The initiative brought about a step change in Australian observing capability as IMOS grew into a coherent, interdisciplinary national programme, with strong community ownership and an important contributor to GOOS and GCOS. As Scientific Officer, Katy worked with a broad range of marine programmes and organizations to develop a National Science and Implementation Plan which identified priorities for investment, and underwent international peer review. In parallel Katy was responsible for engaging with the potential users of IMOS observations to ensure the programme realized its impact potential.
Dr. Pier Luigi Buttigieg
Dr. Pier Luigi Buttigieg
Senior Data Scientist, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Germany
Pier Luigi Buttigieg is a Digital Knowledge Steward and Senior Data Scientist at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research. His professional mission is to use data science to bridge our increasingly digitized ocean community across science, operations, and policy. Concurrently, he researches and develops operational-grade and internationally adopted knowledge representation technologies for ecology, planetary science, and – in collaboration with UN Environment – the Sustainable Development Goals. He also focuses on developing distributed and interoperable digital systems from sub-national to global scales, through work with the Earth and Environment Hub of the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration and the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). In these latter roles, he is co-leading the deployment of the IODE Ocean and Data Information System (ODIS) and Ocean InfoHub to enable regional stakeholders to co-develop a digital commons for the global ocean. He also serves on several other regional and international advisory boards, supporting the growth of a diverse but harmonized digital ocean ecosystem.
Dr. Ichiro Fukumori
Dr. Ichiro Fukumori
Physical Oceanographer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA
Ichiro Fukumori is a physical oceanographer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. He has over 30-years of research experience studying large-scale ocean circulation with a focus on sea level change. Fukumori has pioneered in the development of practical methods of data assimilation and has advanced their application in studying various mechanisms of the ocean (e.g., Kalman filtering and related smoothing, adjoint models). Fukumori is a founding member of the Consortium for “Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean” (ECCO; https://ecco-group.org) producing global estimates of the physical state and processes of the ocean by combining observations with state-of-the-art models.
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Agenda - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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AGENDA
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Download the Agenda
here
Day 1 (Monday, July 11, 9:00 - 5:00PM EDT)
Day 1 (Monday, July 11, 9:00 – 5:00PM EDT)
Welcome & Introduction to GOMO
9:00 – 9:15
Welcome, Introductions and Logistics
–
David Legler (GOMO Director) and Ann-Christine Zinkann (GOMO)
9:15 – 10:00
Overview of NOAA research and context for the review
–
Emily Menashes (OAR DAA)
– Questions [15 min]
10:00 – 10:30
OAR Portfolios
–
Wayne Higgins (Climate Portfolio Steward)
– Questions [10 mins]
Break [15 min]
10:45 – 12:15
Introduction to the GOMO Program
–
David Legler (GOMO Director)
–
Questions [45 mins]
Lunch Break [60 min]
1:15 – 1:45
GOMO Communications
–
Jessica Mkitarian (GOMO Communications Specialist)
1:45 – 2:45
Developing Capacity and Fostering the Next Generation of Ocean Observing Science
–
Alma Vazquez-Lule (2021 Knauss Fellow)
– Emily Osborne (2017 Knauss Fellow)
– Sam Coakley (2021 Lapenta Intern)
– Sylvie Alexander (2021 Lapenta Intern)
– Amanda O’Shaughnessy (2020 Hollings Scholar)
– Questions [20 min]
Travel time [15 min]
3:00 – 3:40
Storymap and Science on a Sphere
–
Mariana Rocha De Souza & Cynthia Garcia (2022 Knauss Fellows)
Travel time [10 min]
3:50 – 4:20
[CLOSED] Day 1 Reflections and Considerations (Review Panel & Core Staff)
4:20 – 5:00
[CLOSED] Reviewer Session: Internal Discussion and Writing
Day 2 (Tuesday, July 12, 9:00 - 4:00PM EDT)
Day 2 (Tuesday, July 12, 9:00 – 4:00PM EDT)
Focus Area 1: US leadership of an ocean and Arctic observing research enterprise
9:00 – 9:10
Welcome and Logistics
–
Ann-Christine Zinkann (GOMO)
9:10 – 9:30
Introducing Focus Area 1
–
David Allen (GOMO)
–
Questions [5 min]
9:30 – 9:35
30 Years of Ocean Observing
(video)
9:35 – 9:55
GOMO Advancing the Global Ocean Observing System
–
Emma Heslop (GOOS)
9:55 – 10:15
Making Decisions to Sustain and Evolve the Ocean Observations and Research
–
Jessica Snowden (Deputy Director)
10:15 – 10:35
How Does GOMO Get Advice and Influence the Big Picture
–
Molly Baringer (GOMOC representative)
10:35 – 11:05
Discussion
Break [10 min]
11:15 – 11:35
Case Study 1: 15 years of the Arctic Report Card
– Rick Thoman (ARC Editor) & Kelley Uhlig (Lead ARC Program Manager and Technical Editor)
11:35 – 11:55
Case Study 2: Argo
– Susan Wijffels (WHOI) & Emily Smith (GOMO)
Break [15 min]
12:10 – 1:00
What Keeps GOMO Awake at Night
(Panel) –
GOMO staff
Lunch break [60 min]
2:00 – 2:45
[CLOSED] Stakeholder Feedback and Discussion Session
2:00 – 2:45
[CLOSED] Concurrent NOAA Line Offices Representative Meeting
2:45 – 3:15
[CLOSED] Day 2 Reflections and Considerations (Review Panel & Core Staff)
3:15 – 4:00
[CLOSED] Reviewer Session: Internal Discussion and Writing
Day 3 (Wednesday, July 13, 9:00 - 4:00 PM EDT)
Day 3 (Wednesday, July 13, 9:00 – 4:00 PM EDT)
Focus Area 2: Frontiers in Ocean Observing
9:00 – 9:10
Welcome and Logistics
–
Ann-Christine Zinkann (GOMO)
9:10 – 9:30
Introducing Focus Area 2
–
Cheyenne Stienbarger (GOMO)
–
Questions [5 min]
9:30 – 10:00
Advancing technologies to improve ocean monitoring
–
Emerging Technologies
– Chris Meinig (PMEL)
–
Argo’s technology advancements
– Sarah Purkey (SIO)
–
Questions [10 min]
10:00 – 10:30
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry
– Determining the Global Ocean Anthropogenic Carbon Sources, Sinks, and Long-term Trends
– Richard Feely (PMEL)
–
BioGeoChemical Argo the ocean in color
– Andrea Fassbender (PMEL)
–
Questions [10 min]
Break [20 min]
10:50 – 11:20
Basin-scale Observing System
–
The Future of the TAO Array within the Tropical Pacific Observing System
– Karen Grissom (NWS NDBC)
–
Collaboration in building ocean observations in the Indian Ocean –
Secretary Ravichandran (India Ministry of Earth Sciences)
–
Questions [10 min]
11:20 – 11:50
Extreme Weather and Climate Phenomena
–
Distributed Biological Observatory, and Observations –
Phyllis Stabeno (PMEL)
– “Blown Away – Coordinated ocean observations for hurricane forecasting”
– Travis Miles (Rutgers)
–
Questions [10 min]
11:50 – 1:00
Panel Discussion
– Previous speakers
Lunch Break [60 min]
2:00 – 2:45
[CLOSED] Stakeholder Feedback and Discussion Session
2:00 – 2:45
[CLOSED] Concurrent NOAA Line Offices Representatives Meeting
2:45- 3:15
[CLOSED] Day 3 Reflections and Considerations (Review Panel & Core Staff)
3:15 – 4:00
[CLOSED] Reviewer Session: Internal Discussion and Writing
Day 4 (Thursday, July 14, 9:00 - 5:00 PM EDT)
Day 4 (Thursday, July 14, 9:00 – 5:00 PM EDT)
Focus Area 3: Information and product development to ensure data access and usability
and to increase the value/impact of ocean observation
9:00 – 9:10
Welcome and Logistics
–
Ann-Christine Zinkann (GOMO)
9:10- 9:30
Introducing Focus Area 3
–
Ann-Christine Zinkann (GOMO)
–
Questions [5 min]
9:30 – 10:15
Understanding the Data Landscape
– Changing the Data Governance Landscape –
Tony Lavoi (Chief Data Officer)
–
Data Governance and Valuing NOAA Research and Observations
– Joseph Conran (NOAA Economist office)
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Questions [15 min]
10:15 – 10:50
The Tale of Two Networks
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Kevin O’Brien (PMEL)
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Steve Diggs (ESIP)
– Embracing FAIR Data Standards –
Kathy Bailey (NOS)
– Data Best Practices –
Nan Galbraith (WHOI)
–
Questions [25 mins]
Break [10 min]
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Tim Boyer (NCEI)
– Operational Monitoring and Predictions –
Arun Kumar (NCEP)
– Technology and data management: Opportunities and risk –
Eugene Burger (PMEL)
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Arctic Report Card 2022 - YouTube

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Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
Arctic Report Card 2022
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9,273 views • Dec 13, 2022 • #NOAA #ArcticReportCard
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Arctic Report Card: Update for 2022 - Tracking recent environmental changes, with 15 essays prepared by an international team of 147 researchers from 11 different countries and an independent peer review organized by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Arctic Council.
#NOAA
#ArcticReportCard
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Intro
Intro
0:00
Intro
0:00
Arctic warming trends continue
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Sea ice is thinning
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Seabirds and die-offs
Seabirds and die-offs
1:02
Seabirds and die-offs
1:02
Increasing rainfall
Increasing rainfall
1:38
Increasing rainfall
1:38
Extreme weather
Extreme weather
2:02
Extreme weather
2:02
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
2:12
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
2:12
Transcript
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Arctic Report Card 2022
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Chapters
Intro
Intro
0:00
Intro
0:00
Arctic warming trends continue
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Sea ice is thinning
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Seabirds and die-offs
Seabirds and die-offs
1:02
Seabirds and die-offs
1:02
Increasing rainfall
Increasing rainfall
1:38
Increasing rainfall
1:38
Extreme weather
Extreme weather
2:02
Extreme weather
2:02
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
2:12
Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
2:12
Impacts to ecosystems and communities
Impacts to ecosystems and communities
2:28
Impacts to ecosystems and communities
2:28
Credits
Credits
3:00
Credits
3:00
Sync to video time
Sync to video time
Description
Arctic Report Card 2022
63
Likes
9,273
Views
2022
Dec 13
Arctic Report Card: Update for 2022 - Tracking recent environmental changes, with 15 essays prepared by an international team of 147 researchers from 11 different countries and an independent peer review organized by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Arctic Council.
#NOAA
#ArcticReportCard
https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card
Additional credit: Murre carcass footage provided by Stacia Backensto, NPS

Video content:
00:00
- Intro
00:11
- Arctic warming trends continue
00:33
- Sea ice is thinning
00:41
- Increased ship traffic and its impacts
01:02
- Seabirds and die-offs
01:38
- Increasing rainfall
02:02
- Extreme weather
02:12
- Greenland heatwave melting surface ice
02:28
- Impacts to ecosystems and communities
03:00
- Credits

Animations as seen in the Arctic Report Card 2022 video:
--Arctic Sea Ice Age at Yearly Minimum (Years 1984-2022)
--Greenland Surface Melt Extent (as seen in the Arctic Report Card 2022 video)
https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/R...
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
…
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Show less
Chapters
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Intro
Intro
0:00
Intro
0:00
Arctic warming trends continue
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Arctic warming trends continue
0:11
Sea ice is thinning
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Sea ice is thinning
0:33
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Increased ship traffic and its impacts
0:41
Transcript
Follow along using the transcript.
Show transcript
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Presentations - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Variability and trends in surface seawater pCO2 and CO2 flux in the Pacific Ocean

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RELATIONS
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Geophysical Research Letters
Volume
44
,
Issue
11
Jun 2017
Pages
5247-5871
ARTICLE
Variability and trends in surface seawater
p
CO
2
and CO
2
flux in the Pacific Ocean
View article page
A. J. Sutton,
R. Wanninkhof,
C. L. Sabine,
R. A. Feely,
M. F. Cronin,
R. A. Weller
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CITE
©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073814
open_in_new
ISSN
0094-8276
eISSN
1944-8007
Online
27 June 2017
Accepted
23 May 2017
Revised
22 May 2017
Received
12 April 2017
Pages
5627
                    -
                    5636
Abstract
Variability and change in the ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
) have implications for future climate and ocean acidification. Measurements of surface seawater CO
2
partial pressure (
p
CO
2
) and wind speed from moored platforms are used to calculate high-resolution CO
2
flux time series. Here we use the moored CO
2
fluxes to examine variability and its drivers over a range of time scales at four locations in the Pacific Ocean. There are significant surface seawater
p
CO
2
, salinity, and wind speed trends in the North Pacific subtropical gyre, especially during winter and spring, which reduce CO
2
uptake over the 10 year record of this study. Starting in late 2013, elevated seawater
p
CO
2
values driven by warm anomalies cause this region to be a net annual CO
2
source for the first time in the observational record, demonstrating how climate forcing can influence the timing of an ocean region shift from CO
2
sink to source.
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Materials
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FIGURES
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Figure 1
Net annual CO2 flux (symbol color) and seasonal variability as measured by peak‐to‐peak amplitude of monthly CO2 flux climatology (symbol size) at the Papa, KEO, WHOTS, and Stratus moorings. Here we consider the full WHOTS time series to include pCO2 data from the Multidisciplinary Ocean Sensors for Environmental Analyses and Networks HALE‐ALOHA buoy deployed December 2004 to July 2007 at 22.8°N, 158.1°W and the WHOTS buoy deployed July 2007 to present at 22.7°N, 158.0°W. Mooring abbreviation, location, and dates of time series used in the analysis are listed next to each site.
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Figure 2
Seasonal and interannual variability of moored observations at WHOTS, Stratus, KEO, and Papa (rows from top to bottom). (a) Box and whisker plots (indicating the median, upper, and lower quartiles (box); 1.5 interquartile range of upper and lower quartiles (whisker); and outliers) for pCO2 at in situ SST and DIC. Mean monthly SST and SSS values are shown in orange. (b) High‐resolution CO2 flux observations versus day of year; color scale is progressively darker from past to present starting with light gray for 2004 observations to black for 2015 observations. (c) Monthly mean CO2 flux (with 18 month x axis to highlight the full annual cycle) using moored wind speed observations (black), CO2 flux using CCMP wind speed (blue; see supporting information), CO2 flux using NCEP‐2 wind speed (red dashed), and data‐based CO2 flux climatologies of Takahashi et al. [] (red solid).
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Figure 3
(a) Surface seawater pCO2 time series from station ALOHA 1988–2013 (blue), ALOHA 1989–2001 (orange‐outlined circles), ALOHA 2004–2014 (red‐outlined circles), and WHOTS 2004–2015 (black) with trend lines in same colors (observations after 13 November are not included in WHOTS trend analysis). Observations used in the trends shown here are not deseasoned. Dates are MM‐YY. (b) Monthly CO2 flux observations at WHOTS 2004–2015. Time axis corresponds to time axis in Figure a.
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Variability and trends in surface seawater
p
CO
2
and CO
2
ﬂ
ux
in the Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean
A. J. Sutton
1,2
, R. Wanninkhof
3
, C. L. Sabine
2
, R. A. Feely
2
, M. F. Cronin
2
,
and R. A. Weller
4
1
Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,
2
Paci
ﬁ
c
Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA,
3
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological
Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, Florida, USA,
4
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Abstract
Variability and change in the ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
) have
implications for future climate and ocean acidi
ﬁ
cation. Measurements of surface seawater CO
2
partial
pressure (
p
CO
2
) and wind speed from moored platforms are used to calculate high-resolution CO
2
ﬂ
ux time
series. Here we use the moored CO
2
ﬂ
uxes to examine variability and its drivers over a range of time scales at
four locations in the Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean. There are signi
ﬁ
cant surface seawater
p
CO
2
, salinity, and wind speed
trends in the North Paci
ﬁ
c subtropical gyre, especially during winter and spring, which reduce CO
2
uptake
over the 10 year record of this study. Starting in late 2013, elevated seawater
p
CO
2
values driven by warm
anomalies cause this region to be a net annual CO
2
source for the
ﬁ
rst time in the observational record,
demonstrating how climate forcing can in
ﬂ
uence the timing of an ocean region shift from CO
2
sink to source.
1. Introduction
The global ocean is a major sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
), absorbing approximately 27% of CO
2
emissions since the beginning of the industrial revolution [
Khatiwala et al.
, 2013;
Le Quéré et al.
, 2016]. Any
variation or change in the ocean CO
2
sink has implications for the climate system. For example, El Niño
–
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) induced CO
2
ﬂ
ux changes in the tropical Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean are the major source of
interannual variability in the net annual global ocean CO
2
sink and results in measureable impacts on atmo-
spheric CO
2
growth rates [
Feely et al.
, 2006;
Feely et al.
, 1999;
Rayner et al.
, 1999;
Wanninkhof et al.
, 2013].
Decadal-scale variability in the climate system has also been shown to in
ﬂ
uence CO
2
ﬂ
ux in the tropical
Paci
ﬁ
c [
Feely et al.
, 2006;
Ishii et al.
, 2009;
Sutton et al.
, 2014a;
Takahashi et al.
, 2003;
Wang et al.
, 2015],
North
Paci
ﬁ
c
[
Takahashi
et
al.
,
2006],
North
Atlantic
[
McKinley
et
al.
,
2011],
and
Southern
Ocean
[
Landschützer et al.
, 2015]. However, there remain signi
ﬁ
cant uncertainties in the magnitude of these varia-
tions in ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux and even disagreements as to the direction of sea-air CO
2
ﬂ
ux in some regions.
A part of this uncertainty is due to insuf
ﬁ
cient observing capacity for ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux over all time and space
scales. Observations of ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux have relied primarily on ship-based underway measurements of partial
pressure of CO
2
(
p
CO
2
). Within the last three decades, these observations have made it possible to determine
seasonal to interannual variability in global ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux and have contributed to a reduced uncertainty in
net annual ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux by 50% [
Bakker et al.
, 2016;
Landschützer et al.
, 2014;
Le Quéré et al.
, 2016;
Takahashi
et al.
, 2009;
Wanninkhof et al.
, 2013].
Another contributor to uncertainty in regional and global CO
2
ﬂ
ux estimates is insuf
ﬁ
cient understanding of
the complex and variable physical and biogeochemical processes that control CO
2
ﬂ
ux at subseasonal to
decadal time scales. Models have been effective tools for diagnosing these drivers [
Arruda et al.
, 2015;
Frölicher et al.
, 2014;
McKinley et al.
, 2016;
Nakano et al.
, 2011;
Pilcher et al.
, 2015;
Resplandy et al.
, 2015;
Rodgers et al.
, 2014;
Wanninkhof et al.
, 2013]. However, model validation has relied primarily on a limited
number of ship-based time series, and these comparisons have shown that models underestimate the seaso-
nal cycle of surface ocean
p
CO
2
by about 30% in the North Atlantic, North Paci
ﬁ
c, and Southern Ocean [
Sasse
et al.
, 2015]. New autonomous measurements of
Δ
p
CO
2
(seawater-air
p
CO
2
) on moored platforms now allow
for continuous, high-resolution observations of CO
2
ﬂ
ux that capture the full range of temporal variability at
key locations. These CO
2
ﬂ
ux time series paired with additional physical and biogeochemical observations on
the same platforms seek to characterize the natural and anthropogenic controls on CO
2
ﬂ
ux. These records of
daily to decadal patterns and trends in ocean biogeochemistry can address some of these remaining
SUTTON ET AL.
PACIFIC OCEAN CO
2
FLUX TRENDS
5627
PUBLICATIONS
Geophysical Research Letters
RESEARCH LETTER
10.1002/2017GL073814
Key Points:
•
High-resolution moored time series of
sea-air CO
2
ﬂ
ux reveal seasonal to
decadal variability in
ﬂ
uences
detection of anthropogenic trends
•
This natural variability tends to be
underestimated by models and
climatologies
•
Anomalous 2013-2015 North Paci
ﬁ
c
warming caused one moored location
to be a net CO
2
source for the
ﬁ
rst
time in the observational record
Supporting Information:
•
Supporting Information S1
Correspondence to:
A. J. Sutton,
adrienne.sutton@noaa.gov
Citation:
Sutton, A. J., R. Wanninkhof, C. L. Sabine,
R. A. Feely, M. F. Cronin, and R. A. Weller
(2017), Variability and trends in surface
seawater
p
CO
2
and CO
2
ﬂ
ux in the
Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean,
Geophys. Res. Lett.
,
44
,
5627
–
5636, doi:10.1002/2017GL073814.
Received 12 APR 2017
Accepted 23 MAY 2017
Accepted article online 30 MAY 2017
Published online 12 JUN 2017
©2017. American Geophysical Union.
All Rights Reserved.
uncertainties in ocean CO
2
ﬂ
ux and provide expanded opportunities for validating surface ocean
p
CO
2
varia-
bility and change in Earth system models.
Here we calculate CO
2
ﬂ
ux from high-frequency mooring
Δ
p
CO
2
and wind speed observations on four ocean
reference moorings in different biomes of the Paci
ﬁ
c Ocean: Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO), Ocean
Station Papa, WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS), and Stratus. We present the physical and
biogeochemical drivers, seasonal to decadal patterns, and long-term trends in surface seawater
p
CO
2
and
CO
2
ﬂ
ux.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Moored Locations and Carbon Measurements
Surface seawater and marine boundary layer atmospheric
p
CO
2
have been measured on four open ocean
buoys in the Paci
ﬁ
c since as early as 2004: Papa, KEO, WHOTS, and Stratus (Figure 1). WHOTS and Stratus
are located in subtropical oligotrophic regions in the North and South Paci
ﬁ
c, respectively. KEO is located
in a region of the subtropical North Paci
ﬁ
c with large carbon export and biological production that also
experiences seasonal tropical cyclones. Papa is located in the subarctic North Paci
ﬁ
c, another region with
pronounced seasonality of physical and biological conditions. The mooring locations and time period of
moored observations used in this analysis are shown in Figure 1.
A Moored Autonomous
p
CO
2
(MAPCO
2
) system is deployed on each of the four surface buoys.
Sutton et al.
[2014b] provide a full description of MAPCO
2
system measurements and data processing. In brief, the
MAPCO
2
system utilizes an automated equilibrator-based gas collection system and an infrared gas analyzer
(LI-820, LI-COR
™
) calibrated before, during, and after
ﬁ
eld deployment with reference gases traceable to
World Meteorological Organization standards. This methodology is similar to the underway
p
CO
2
system
deployed on a global network of ships of opportunity [
Pierrot et al.
, 2009]. The MAPCO
2
system collects
3-hourly measurements of sea surface (~0.5 m depth) and marine boundary layer atmospheric (~1.5 m above
sea surface)
x
CO
2
(the mole fraction of CO
2
). Each
x
CO
2
measurement is paired with sea surface temperature
(SST) and salinity (SSS) collected by Sea-Bird Electronics SeaCATs
™
. Seawater and air
p
CO
2
(at in situ SST) is
calculated consistent with ocean CO
2
standard operating procedures [
Dickson et al.
, 2007;
Weiss
, 1974]. To
adjust for the temperature effect on seawater
p
CO
2
(+4.23% C

1
), seawater
p
CO
2
at mean SST is also calcu-
lated using the method of
Takahashi et al.
[2002]. Overall uncertainty of the MAPCO
2
is
<
2
μ
atm for seawater
and
<
1
μ
atm for air
p
CO
2
[
Sutton et al.
, 2014b].
Seawater
p
CO
2
, SST, and SSS measurements are also used to calculate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and
salinity normalized DIC (nDIC). First, total alkalinity (TA) is calculated based on the relationships with SST
and/or SSS developed by
Lee et al.
[2006] for WHOTS and Stratus (uncertainty ±8
μ
mol kg

1
), by
Fassbender et al.
[2016] for Papa (uncertainty ±3
μ
mol kg

1
), and by
Fassbender et al.
[2017] for KEO (uncer-
tainty ±6
μ
mol kg

1
). Seawater
p
CO
2
and TA are then used to calculate DIC in the MATLAB version (v1.1) of
CO2SYS [
van Heuven et al.
, 2011] with the carbonic acid dissociation constants of
Lueker et al.
[2000], sulfate
dissociation constants of
Dickson
[1990], and borate-to-salinity ratio of
Lee et al.
[2010]. DIC is then normalized
to a salinity of 35:
n
DIC = 35 × DIC/SSS.
2.2. Moored Winds and Wind Height Correction
Wind sensors are deployed on each mooring at ~3
–
4 m above the sea surface and measure wind speed every
1
–
10 min with an accuracy of 1
–
3% or at least 0.1 m s

1
[
Cronin et al.
, 2008;
Kubota et al.
, 2008;
Weller
, 2015].
Since buoy winds are only available at limited sites, CO
2
ﬂ
ux is commonly calculated using satellite wind
products. In the supporting information we compare the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) V2.0 wind
speed data
with the high-quality buoy
wind measurements used in this study.
NCEP-DOE
AMIP-II
Reanalysis 2 (NCEP-2) wind speed data were also used in order to directly compare moored
p
CO
2
ﬂ
ux to
the
Takahashi et al.
[2009] climatology (Figure 2c).
Wind speed is corrected to a height of 10 m above the sea surface using equation (1) derived from parame-
terizations of
Large and Pond
[1981]:
Geophysical Research Letters
10.1002/2017GL073814
SUTTON ET AL.
PACIFIC OCEAN CO
2
FLUX TRENDS
5628
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