2020 Global Carbon Budget Released - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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2020 Global Carbon Budget Released
Jessica Mkitarian
December 23, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
News
2020 Global Carbon Budget Released
Lower emissions due to COVID-19 have little effect on atmosphere and ocean
Fossil fuel emissions in 2020 are projected to decline by an estimated 0.7 billion tons in 2020  to 9.3
gigatons of carbon
(Gt C), 7% lower than in 2019, according to new estimates relying on energy consumption data in the 2020
Global Carbon Budget
, released December 11th by the
Global Carbon Project
.  Daily global CO
2
emissions are estimated to have decreased by a maximum of about –17% by early April 2020 compared with the mean 2019 levels. About half of this change is due to changes in surface transport, especially road transport, during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lower emissions in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic have had
little effect
on the atmospheric CO
2
concentration or uptake by the oceans. The concentration of CO
2
in the atmosphere continued to grow by about 2.5 parts per million (ppm) and is projected to reach 412 ppm, averaged over the year, 48% above pre-industrial levels.
Global fossil fuel emissions grew by only 0.1% between 2018 and 2019 and reached almost 10 Gt C . For 2019 about half the CO
2
remained in the atmosphere while the remainder was sequestered in nearly equal proportions by the ocean and the land plants.
NOAA’s
Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network
, part of the
Global Monitoring Lab
provides atmospheric data for the Global Carbon Budget. The data show that the average rate of increase of CO
2
in the atmosphere has been higher in the last decade (2010-2019) than at any other time in recorded history. Compared with the record of CO
2
preserved in ancient ice cores, today’s increase is significantly larger and increasing much faster than natural changes over the last 800,000 years. According to NOAA Senior Scientist Pieter Tans, “it could be called an explosion of CO
2
.”
NOAA’s
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program
(GOMO) provides funding support for ocean carbon observation data that is used to determine the ocean sink, or amount of carbon absorbed by the ocean. A global collaboration called
SOCAT
(Surface Ocean CO
2
Atlas) collects all surface water CO
2
levels annually and is the cornerstone to quantify ocean CO
2
uptake that is critical to the Global Carbon Budget. GOMO funded investigators provide over half the data for the SOCAT database, which is comprised of over 27 million observations spanning over six decades. In response to the atmospheric CO
2
increase, the uptake by the ocean has increased as well; ocean CO
2
uptake is influenced by oceanic processes and varies seasonally and decadally. The uptake has led to increasing levels of surface ocean acidification.
The release of this year’s Global Carbon Budget comes ahead of the fifth anniversary of the adoption of the UN Paris Climate Agreement, which aims to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to limit global warming. Cuts of around 0.3 to 0.6 Gt C (or 1 to 2 Gt of CO
2
) are needed each year on average between 2020 and 2030 to limit climate change in line with its goals. The magnitude of emission reductions, its verification, and impact on climate change depends, to a significant extent, on the ocean and land continuing to sequester CO
2
.  This requires a robust atmospheric, ocean and terrestrial CO
2
observing system.
The Global Carbon Budget is produced by more than 80 researchers working from universities and research institutions in 15 countries working under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project. The 15th edition of the annual update includes contributions from multiple organizations and research groups around the world that generate original measurements and data used to complete the global carbon budget. NOAA research efforts contributed significantly to this global assessment. GOMO provided funding support for ocean carbon observation data collected by researchers at NOAA’s
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
and
gigatons of carbon
. NOAA’s Global Monitoring Laboratory provided atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration data. Contributors to the 2020 paper include Simone Alin (NOAA-PMEL), David R. Munro (NOAA-GML/CIRES), Kevin O’Brien (NOAA-PMEL/CICOES) Denis Pierrot (NOAA-AOML), Adrienne Sutton (NOAA-PMEL), Pieter Tans (NOAA-GML), Rik Wanninkhof (NOAA-AOML), and Nick Bates (BIOS).
Read more about the
Global Carbon Budget
and find the associated
publications
. Explore
figures
and visualize the most up to date data on the
Global Carbon Atlas
.
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Stratus Ocean Reference Station Successfully Deployed Off Coast of Chile - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Stratus Ocean Reference Station Successfully Deployed Off Coast of Chile
Jessica Mkitarian
February 10, 2021
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
Stratus Ocean Reference Station Successfully Deployed Off Coast of Chile
On January 28, 2021 the 19
th
deployment of the
Stratus Ocean Reference Station
(ORS) was accomplished using the Chilean Navy Ship AGS 61
Cabo de Hornos
. The Stratus ORS is located about 800 nautical miles off the coast of northern Chile, at 22
0
31’ S, 85
0
48’ W, where the ocean depth is 4,230 meters, or more than 2.6 miles. This ocean reference station is named after the persistent
stratus clouds
found west of Chile and Peru, which affect the ocean and atmospheric conditions in the eastern Pacific and impact the climate of this region. The Stratus ORS is a well-instrumented
surface mooring
deployed in a data-sparse region of the eastern South Pacific. Taking measurements in this region is important because climate models have warm sea surface temperature biases and can have significant errors in their representation of the exchange of heat, freshwater, and momentum between the ocean and atmosphere. More accurate models and better understanding of air-sea interactions and exchanges of indicators like temperature and carbon can improve predictions of weather and climate events and help assess ecosystem health.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
(WHOI) has been working with the Chilean Navy, or Armada de Chile to service the Stratus mooring since 2015. The
Cabo de Hornos
ship is based out of Valparaíso, Chile, in the First Naval District and is also home to the Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico, or SHOA, an agency similar to NOAA. WHOI typically sails with 4-5 people, and also includes Chilean Academics and SHOA staff on cruises for assistance and research opportunities. On this mission, they were able to service the Stratus ORS, which requires recovering the old mooring and replacing it with a new one. Moorings are typically replaced every 12 months, and the 18
th
Stratus ORS had been deployed in April 2019, meaning it was stationed for almost 2 years before it could be replaced.
The Status ORS deployment and recovery was originally scheduled for March 2020, but due to COVID-19 pandemic, this cruise was rescheduled two times. In each of these instances, gear was shipped to Valparaíso in preparation for the cruise and then shipped back to WHOI. When the
Cabo de Hornos
became available in late January 2021, NOAA and WHOI moved swiftly to plan for travel, quarantine stays, and COVID-19 testing to meet WHOI, NOAA, and Armada de Chile protocols. The cooperation of the Armada de Chile and of the ship’s officers and crew was essential to the mission’s success. The Stratus ORS is supported by NOAA’s
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
and
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program
through our Cooperative Institute
CINAR
.
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Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO) Archives - Page 2 of 3 - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Scientific discoveries and program achievements for the advancement of global ocean monitoring and observing.
Image Credit: Ivan Bandura, Unsplash
Drifting KEO Mooring Successfully Recovered
Drifting KEO Mooring Successfully Recovered July 21, 2020 On July 21, 2020 the surface mooring at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO), which broke away from its anchor on May 19, was recovered by the Japanese charter ship, Kaiyo. Despite being caught in eddies and an ocean jet, the drifting KEO buoy, its sensor suite and nearly 8 kilometers
Read More »
August 5, 2020
FY2021 Notice of Funding Opportunity
FY2021 Notice of Funding Opportunity On July 21st, NOAA’s Climate Program Office announced that its Fiscal Year 2021 grant competitions are open. This year, the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program is co-funding a competition with the Climate Program Office focused on innovative ocean dataset/product analysis and development for support of the NOAA observing and climate modeling communities. Competition #5:
Read More »
July 27, 2020
NOAA Research Celebrates World Ocean Day Exploring Ocean Data
NOAA Research Celebrates World Ocean Day Exploring Ocean Data World Ocean Day is celebrated every year on June 8th. This year, NOAA Research is celebrating all month long and highlighting ocean observing and monitoring tools on social media during the week of June 8th. Follow along with the hashtags #WorldOceanMonth or #30DaysofOcean on Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter
Read More »
July 8, 2020
CCE-1 Moored Buoy Rescued Days After Breaking From Anchor
CCE-1 Moored Buoy Rescued Days After Breaking From Anchor On June 6, it was discovered that the GOMO and OAP co-funded California Current Ecosystem (CCE-1) surface mooring broke away from its anchor. This mooring is typically recovered and redeployed annually, but due to COVID-19 setbacks, it had exceeded its one year station. The mooring is normally located in
Read More »
July 8, 2020
NOAA Research Celebrates World Ocean Day Exploring Ocean Data
NOAA Research Celebrates World Ocean Day Exploring Ocean Data World Ocean Day is celebrated every year on June 8th. This year, NOAA Research is celebrating all month long and highlighting ocean observing and monitoring tools on social media during the week of June 8th. Follow along with the hashtags #WorldOceanMonth or #30DaysofOcean on Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter
Read More »
June 8, 2020
Glider in the Gulf Stream Gathers Vital Data Days Before Early Storm
Glider in the Gulf Stream Gathers Vital Data Days Before Early Storm An autonomous underwater glider in the Gulf Stream has gathered information ahead of early-season Tropical Storm Arthur, passing within 75 kilometers of the eye of the storm. This routine operation provided observations of the relatively cool upper ocean waters (less than the 26°C typically
Read More »
June 2, 2020
Dr. Sid Thurston to Help Coordinate WMO Ocean Observations
Dr. Sid Thurston to Help Coordinate WMO Ocean Observations GOMO Program Manager, Dr. Sid Thurston was selected as Vice-Chair for Oceans of the newly established World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Infrastructure Commission (INFCOM) Standing Committee on Earth Observing Systems and Monitoring Networks (SC-ON). This WMO Standing Committee will focus on the normative work and technical systems required to
Read More »
April 1, 2020
Drifters Deployed for 8 Schools Across Country
Drifters Deployed for 8 Schools Across Country The Adopt a Drifter Program recently deployed drifters for eight schools around the country. These drifters were deployed off the R/V Ron Brown on its way to Cape Town, South Africa. The Adopt a Drifter Program allows schools to “adopt” drifting buoys by having the students sign NOAA stickers that are
Read More »
March 5, 2020
Hurricane Lorenzo Passes Directly Over PIRATA Mooring
Hurricane Lorenzo Passes Directly Over PIRATA Mooring On Thursday, September 26, 2019, Hurricane Lorenzo tracked directly over the PIRATA T-Flex mooring at 15°N, 38°W. Despite the direct hit, the mooring remains in position and continues to transmit high-quality, high-resolution data in real-time. Refer to the image which shows the approximate location of the PIRATA mooring
Read More »
January 9, 2020
USCG Healy Returns from Distributed Biological Observatory Arctic Cruise
USCG Healy Returns from Distributed Biological Observatory Arctic Cruise On Friday, August 23, the USCGC Healy returned to Nome, AK after 22 days-at-sea performing 24 hour science operations in support of the DBO/NCIS project. Read more about the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) here.  Before departing, Arctic Research Program PI, Jackie Grebmeier, delivered a public talk on the DBO
Read More »
January 9, 2020
Hurricane Gliders Launched in the Gulf Stream
/*! elementor – v3.17.0 – 08-11-2023 */ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=”.svg”]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} Hurricane Glider in the Gulf Stream, July 2019. Credit: Robert Todd, WHOI Two hurricane gliders are making their way up the Gulf Stream to measure heat content to help forecast tropical storms and hurricanes. One glider was released on July 24, 2019 from
Read More »
January 9, 2020
Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream
Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream On Saturday, December 14, 2019, two drifting buoys were deployed off OceanX’s Alucia ship in Miami to follow the Gulf Stream and track important ocean health and maritime safety conditions. Three more drifters are set to be deployed off the 184 foot research vessel over the next
Read More »
January 9, 2020
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GOMO Director Interviewed on COVID Impacts to Ocean Observing - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO Director Interviewed on COVID Impacts to Ocean Observing
Jessica Mkitarian
August 10, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
News
GOMO Director Interviewed on COVID Impacts to Ocean Observing
Climatewire and Inside Climate News
In response to a
GOOS report on COVID impacts
to ocean observing, Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program’s Director Dr. David Legler was interviewed by
E&E’s Climatewire
. In the article, published July 20, 2020, Legler commented on the current state of ocean observations, including gaps in data from reduced ship observations and impacts to the Argo network. Legler stated that longer term impacts are yet to be determined. “In NOAA, we’re working very hard and very creatively with our partners to try to maximize our opportunities to utilize ships and to keep going on the missions that are very important to us,” he said. “But we’re also prioritizing the safety of our employees and partners.”
Legler was also interviewed by Inside Climate News and KQED. The Inside Climate News article, published July 25, 2020 and titled “
Q&A: Oceanographers Tell How the Pandemic Crimps Global Ocean and Climate Monitoring
” also includes an interview with Emma Heslop, program director for the International Oceanographic Commission as well as an overview of COVID’s impact to global ocean observations. As of July 28, 2020, NOAA Daily Clips reported an impressive reach of 112,278 average unique visitors to the article per day.
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Drifting KEO Mooring Successfully Recovered
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Meet our 2025 Knauss Fellow, Mary Beth Armstrong
March 3, 2025
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Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO) Archives - Page 3 of 3 - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Image Credit: Ivan Bandura, Unsplash
NOAA Research Awards $3 Million for Biogeochemical Argo Float Research
NOAA Research Awards $3 Million for Biogeochemical Argo Float Research Four new research projects are giving a boost to NOAA’s ability to measure, track and forecast ocean acidification, warming and other important ocean health indicators. NOAA Research’s Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division has awarded $3 million in funding for projects that will expand the ability
Read More »
January 9, 2020
Successful Deployment of KEO Ocean Climate Station
Successful Deployment of KEO Ocean Climate Station September 24 – 29, 2019: Pacific Marine Environmental Lab (PMEL) and partners aboard the Kaiyo Maru #1 successfully completed the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) mooring turnaround cruise during typhoon season. The cruise began later than expected after facing delays due to typhoon Tapah. Sandwiched between weather systems, the KEO mooring was
Read More »
January 9, 2020
Pensacola Tide Gauge Station Upgraded with New Sensors
Pensacola Tide Gauge Station Upgraded with New Sensors The tide gauge station in Pensacola, Florida has successfully been upgraded to include Continuous Global Navigation Satellite Systems (cGNSS) sensors. This upgrade is part of a larger upgrade plan for all US based Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) tide gauge stations. The new cGNSS sensors allow for tide gauges
Read More »
January 8, 2020
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GOMO at the AGU Fall Meeting 2020 - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GOMO at the AGU Fall Meeting 2020
Jessica Mkitarian
November 25, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
News
,
Past Events
GOMO at the AGU Fall Meeting 2020
The American Geophysical Union
(AGU) Fall Meeting
will take place virtually this year from December 1-17. GOMO Program Manager, Emily Smith, and Knauss Fellows Cheyenne Stienbarger and Ann-Christine Zinkann will be leading sessions below. GOMO’s 2020 Hollings Scholar Amanda O’Shaughnessy will be presenting a poster of her research on sea level planning, and GOMO’s Arctic Research team will be releasing the 2020 Arctic Report Card at a press conference. See details below.
Arctic Report Card
Press Conference
NOAA’s 15th Arctic Report Card catalogs for 2020 the numerous ways that climate change continues to disrupt the polar region, with record-high air temperatures in the Eurasian Arctic driving a cascade of impacts, including the loss of snow and the loss of ice from glaciers and ice caps. The Arctic Report Card is an annual report of original, peer-reviewed environmental observations and analyses of a region undergoing rapid and dramatic alterations to weather, climate, and oceanic, and land conditions. Compiled by 133 scientists from 15 nations, the 2020 report card tracks environmental indicators to inform decisions by local, state, and federal leaders confronting a rapidly changing climate and ecosystems. It will be released at a
virtual press conference
on December 8th at 11am EST.
Sea Ice Change and Variability: Implications for the Climate and Indigenous Communities of High-Latitude Systems
Session, poster, and eLightning
<>Arctic sea ice cover has dramatically declined in recent decades, and more recently in the Antarctic as well. The transition from ice-covered to open water alters the air-sea exchange of momentum, heat, light, freshwater, and gas, enhances surface waves, changes the planktonic ecosystem, and shifts animal migration patterns. Sea ice conditions have also affected Indigenous coastal communities in a variety of ways, including reducing travel and access to subsistence harvesting opportunities. This session focuses on natural variability and long-term changes in the Arctic and Antarctic seasonal and marginal ice zones, gaps in current scientific knowledge, and Indigenous community information needs. This session will include observational, theoretical and numerical investigations that address these topics by connecting sea ice change in the Arctic or Southern Oceans to components within marine, terrestrial, or human systems at local to global scales. GOMO Knauss Fellow, Ann-Christine Zinkann is a co-primary convener and co-chair for this session. Link to
session
,
eLightning
, and
poster
.
Treading Water: Understanding Sea Level Rise and Connections to Coastal Flooding and Impacts
Sessions and poster
Although sea level rise is a global phenomenon, the impacts are local, and are happening now. Changes in sea level are impacting communities across the globe on an almost daily basis through increased erosion and subsidence, greater saltwater intrusion, more frequent “nuisance” flooding, and higher storm surge. Planning for, adapting to, and mitigating current and future sea level and its impacts has begun out of necessity in many threatened areas. This session discusses the information that is needed for such efforts, and identifies areas where improvements still need to be made. In particular, this session invites contributions on understanding and projecting regional sea level rise and variability and its impacts, accounting for and identifying changes in extreme events, and assessing the role of land motion in future coastal flooding. Other studies and possible products related to understanding, quantifying and projecting sea level rise on local and regional are also encouraged. The primary convener and chair for this session is GOMO Program Manager, Emily Smith. Link to
session I
,
session II
, and
poster
.
Paths to Resilient Shorelines: An Engineering Analysis of Sea Level Rise Planning from the Gulf Coast to the Mid-Atlantic
Poster
GOMO Hollings Scholar, Amanda O’Shaughnessy will be presenting a poster of her research on the varying sea level rise planning strategies from the Gulf  to the Mid-Atlantic coast. Amanda worked on this research in her summer 2020 internship with the GOMO office under the guidance of GOMO Program Manager Emily Smith. Link to
poster.
Application of in Situ and Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding Tropical Pacific Climate Variability
eLightning
Tropical Pacific interannual and decadal variability is dominated by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and significantly impacts global weather and climate, including Pacific and Atlantic hurricane activity, droughts and flooding around the Pacific basin, ocean carbon outgassing and uptake, and global land temperature patterns. Recent activities in the tropical Pacific, including the redesign of the Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS) and the NASA SPURS-2 field experiment, have considered new technologies and novel applications of observing-based knowledge to advance our understanding and prediction of tropical Pacific variability. This session seeks presentations that highlight the application of  technologies, including platforms, sensors, and novel analysis of existing observing techniques, both in situ and remote, with the potential to detect, monitor and attribute changes in the physical and biogeochemical systems of the tropical Pacific to our understanding of outstanding questions in tropical Pacific climate variability. GOMO Knauss Fellow, Cheyenne Stienbarger is the primary convener and co-chair for this session. Link to
session
.
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Late-Season Arctic Research Cruise Reveals Warm Ocean Temperatures, Active Ecosystem - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Late-Season Arctic Research Cruise Reveals Warm Ocean Temperatures, Active Ecosystem
Jessica Mkitarian
November 18, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
News
Late-Season Arctic Research Cruise Reveals Warm Ocean Temperatures, Active Ecosystem
“The water and air temperatures were warmer, and we had ecosystem activity that normally doesn’t occur late in the season,” said University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Professor
Jacqueline Grebmeier,
chief scientist on the research cruise and a national and international leader in Arctic research.
This October’s Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) Cruise returned with surprising results leading to media coverage in the Eureka Alert and Alaska Native News. Researchers found warmer air and water temperatures, open water where an icebreaker ship is usually required and an active ecosystem. Arctic researcher Jacqueline Grebmeier is quoted in the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
news release
, which was published Nov. 11, 2020 and picked up by the
Eureka Alert (AAAS)
and the
Alaska Native News
. This research was funded by GOMO, NOAA’s IOOS, NOPP, NPRB, and BOEM.
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March 3, 2025
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January 14, 2025
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
December 13, 2024
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4 Ways NOAA is Studying the Ocean's Role in Climate - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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4 Ways NOAA is Studying the Ocean’s Role in Climate
Jessica Mkitarian
June 19, 2021
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
So you think you know what’s in the ocean?
Even with decades of scientific research, more than 80 percent of the ocean remains
unmapped, unobserved, and unexplored
– which is a lot considering that more than 70 percent of the globe is covered by the ocean. NOAA’s
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program
(GOMO) has the distinct mission of supporting ocean observations to improve our understanding of the ocean’s role in environmental change – which is becoming increasingly important as we study climate change.
Through research supported by GOMO and other parts of NOAA, we have made important strides in our understanding of trends in
ocean heat storage
,
carbon dioxide uptake
, the Earth’s
energy imbalance
and more. NOAA supports a suite of ocean observing and monitoring tools (also called
instruments
or
platforms
) that make this research possible. Learn about four of these ocean observing tools below – maybe you have already seen some in the ocean!
Argo Floats
Standing at five feet tall, these robotic, autonomous floats can be found everywhere in the global ocean! In fact, today there are about 4,000 floats globally that drift with ocean currents and are part of the international
Argo Program
. NOAA led the development of the Argo Program in 1999,  which today includes participation from about 30 countries. Argo floats have sensors that collect temperature and salinity data. Every 10 days, floats dive 2,000 meters (1.2 miles) deep, collect data, then resurface to transmit this data to satellites that make it publicly available within hours. Scientists are currently developing floats that can
dive even deeper
— to 6,000 meters or 3.7 miles below the ocean’s surface — and floats that can measure more variables in the ocean (at 2,000 meters deep) – oxygen, chlorophyll, nitrate, pH, and particle content. These
biogeochemical floats
will enable scientists to study important marine processes in more parts of the globe than ever before, and to monitor ocean health, which can help improve fisheries management and inform climate policy.
Argo is also used in classrooms in the Pacific Islands to help students understand impacts of climate change. The program Scientific Educational Resources and Experience Associated with the Deployment of Argo profiling floats in the South Pacific Ocean (
SEREAD
), is an educational program and resource that provides regionally relevant and focused ocean science that is built upon Argo data in a format that fits directly into existing curricula of Pacific Island schools.
Gliders
Underwater gliders
are robotic instruments that collect ocean data over long periods of time. While they are similar in purpose to Argo floats, gliders are much larger and uniquely can be controlled remotely, allowing scientists to alter their paths, which is key for surveying parts of the ocean where other instruments may have drifted away. Gliders generally operate for several months at a time, collecting a suite of ocean data with different sensors. GOMO supports glider observations in the California and Atlantic coasts, regions that are important for understanding ocean processes and improving forecasts. Gliders are particularly important for improving hurricane intensity forecasts, which is a huge research focus area at
NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Atmospheric Lab.
Drifters
Drifting buoys, or “drifters,” are beach ball-sized buoys that you may have seen out in the water. Unlike Argo floats or gliders that dive underwater, drifters float at the surface of the ocean. Drifters can measure temperature, salinity, sea level pressure, wind, currents, and even wave properties. There are currently about 1,300 drifters in the global ocean as part of the
Global Drifter Program
. GOMO works with the
Scripps Langrangian Drifter Lab
(LDL) to develop different types of drifters, and NOAA’s
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab
(AOML) to deploy drifters in scientifically significant parts of the ocean.
Drifters are important observing tools when it comes to studying and predicting extreme events. In 2020, 36 drifters were deployed in front of hurricanes. In 2019,
five wave drifters were deployed
off Ocean X’s Alucia ship on its way from Miami to Lisbon, Portugal to follow the Gulf Stream and track ocean health. The Gulf Stream is an important boundary current that many countries depend on to transport goods, which makes this a prime location to study waves as they impact ship navigation and maritime safety.
Drifters are also used in classrooms through the
Adopt-a-Drifter Program
. Students can “adopt” a drifter and then follow its journey in the ocean by tracking its data and learning real life oceanography.
Moored Buoys
If you’ve spent a lot of time in the ocean, you may have come across a gathering of sea lions or seagulls on a structure known as a moored buoy, or mooring. These ocean observing giants are anchored in place and provide a “gold standard” of data because they allow scientists to track changes in the exact same location over long time scales. GOMO supports two main arrays of moorings around the globe: the
Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array Program
(GTMBA) and
Ocean Reference Stations
(OceanSITES).
The GTMBA is an international effort to provide data in real-time for climate research and forecasting. It is made up of three arrays: TAO/TRITON in the Pacific, PIRATA in the Atlantic, and RAMA in the Indian Ocean. The Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (
PIRATA
) Northeast Extension (
PNE
) studies ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropical Atlantic that affect regional weather and climate variability on seasonal, interannual and longer time scales. The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (
RAMA
) studies the Indian Ocean’s role in monsoons and helps improve monsoon forecasts. RAMA also provides an opportunity for capacity development and training of the next generation of oceanographers through workshops supported by the
Data Buoy Cooperation Panel
.
OceanSITES
is another global array of buoys — in this case called ocean reference stations — that measure a variety of ocean health variables and monitor the full depth of the ocean, from the sea surface to 5,000 meters (3 miles) deep. OceanSITES buoys provide high-quality data from long-term, high-frequency observations at fixed locations in the open ocean. The network complements satellite imagery and other observing instruments (like Argo floats). GOMO currently supports seven OceanSITES moorings around the globe, including the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Site (
WHOTS
) focusing on trade winds, the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (
NTAS
) focusing on hurricane intensity and the
Stratus
mooring, which is located off the coast of northern Chile and named after the
stratus clouds
affect the ocean and atmospheric conditions in the eastern Pacific and impact the climate of this region.
While there is still a lot to learn about the ocean, buoys, Argo floats, drifters and gliders are important tools that are helping us
collect valuable data
and improve climate and weather forecasts around the world.
Glider in the Gulf Stream, July 2019
An adopted drifter deployed in the ocean
Crew deploy a RAMA buoy in the Indian Ocean
The international RAMA community
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NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
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From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic
January 14, 2025
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
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Argo Program Receives 2022 IEEE Corporate Innovation Award - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Argo Program Receives 2022 IEEE Corporate Innovation Award
Jessica Mkitarian
December 2, 2021
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
The international Argo Program has been recognized with a 2022
IEEE Corporate Innovation Award
: “For innovation in large-scale autonomous observations in oceanography with global impacts in marine and climate science and technology.”
The Argo Program
was developed in 1999 and today supports a global array of about 3,800 robotic profiling floats that measure the temperature and salinity of the upper 2,000 meters (1.2 miles) of the ocean. The Argo Program has an international reach with participation from close to 30 countries. US Argo partners include: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of Washington, and NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab, and GOMO.
The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (
IEEE
) is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. Each year the IEEE Awards Board recommends a select group of recipients to receive IEEE’s most prestigious honors for exceptional achievements and outstanding contributions that have made a lasting impact on technology, society, and the engineering profession.
Read more about these awards.
Update:
The award was accepted by Argo team members during the
2022 IEEE VIC Summit and Honors Ceremony
on Friday, 6 May 2022 in San Diego, California, USA.
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GOMO Releases New Strategic Plan
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Argo Floats in the Atlantic to Boost Weather and Climate Research
Next
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Meet our 2025 Knauss Fellow, Mary Beth Armstrong
March 3, 2025
NOAA Research Releases First-of-its-Kind Ocean Carbon Observing Science Plan
January 16, 2025
From vision to action: New NOAA strategic framework sets path for more resilient Arctic
January 14, 2025
Celebrating 25 years of Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems
December 13, 2024
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gomo@noaa.gov
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GO-SHIP Launches First GO-BGC Argo Float named Europa - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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GO-SHIP Launches First GO-BGC Argo Float named Europa
Jessica Mkitarian
May 2, 2021
Monitoring Platforms
,
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GO-SHIP Launches First GO-BGC Argo Float named Europa
The first biogeochemical Argo float of the new NSF-funded
GO-BGC
Array program was launched on March 24, 2021 by researchers onboard the GO-SHIP A20 Expedition in the Western North Atlantic. The float, named Europa, was adopted and named by the Fauquier County Public Schools in Warrenton, Virginia. A total of 12 floats will be deployed on the 2-leg cruise (A20 and A22), part of NOAA and NSF-funded U.S. Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (
U.S. GO-SHIP
).
The R/V Thomas G. Thompson departed from Woods Hole, Massachussettes on March 16, 2021, following the A20 track of the previous CLIVAR 2012 occupation (~52.5°W). The cruise arrived in the Virgin Islands for a brief stop before proceeding with the A22 line (~66°W). From the Caribbean Sea, the cruise will then head north, and end back in Woods Hole in mid-May 2021.
U.S. GO-SHIP is part of the
international GO-SHIP
program to carry out a systematic and global re-occupation of selected hydrographic sections to quantify changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO
2
), and related parameters, integrating the scientific needs of the carbon and hydrography/tracer communities.
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Piloting Bio-GO-SHIP on US cruises to Study Plankton and Ocean Processes - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Piloting Bio-GO-SHIP on US cruises to Study Plankton and Ocean Processes
Jessica Mkitarian
April 15, 2021
Monitoring Platforms
,
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Piloting Bio-GO-SHIP on US cruises to Study Plankton and Ocean Processes
Piloting Bio-GO-SHIP on US cruises: Towards a global analysis of large-scale changes to ocean plankton systems
NOAA’s Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (GOMO) and Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), in partnership with NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program, recently awarded $500,000 via the National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP) to several institutions to assess marine ecosystem health and the influence of changing ocean dynamics on plankton. This two-year project is part of a larger multi-agency effort and will leverage the global-reaching NOAA- and NSF-led
U.S. Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program
(GO-SHIP) platforms to investigate the distributions and biogeochemical roles of plankton in the global ocean.
Plankton are critical microscopic organisms that sustain entire marine food webs, and through their photosynthesis, phytoplankton generate approximately half of the oxygen in the atmosphere. Ocean biological measurements are fundamental to studying and monitoring the evolving state of marine ecosystems but are currently missing from most global survey programs, which has impeded our capacity to explore the inextricable links between climate, changing ocean conditions, and marine life. Integration of biological and core GO-SHIP measurements will provide invaluable insights into how plankton communities respond to ocean changes and how biological processes feed back on carbon, oxygen and nutrient cycles. The availability of mature technologies to measure key biological variables (
Boss et al., 2020
), combined with the potential to leverage the GO-SHIP operational platform and its large suite of complementary physical and biogeochemical measurements (e.g., temperature, salinity, O2, nutrients, tracers, organic and inorganic carbon) offer for the first time ever the opportunity for a truly integrated global repeat sampling program.
Over the next two years, a team of researchers will incorporate biological measurements on three U.S. GO-SHIP hydrographic cruises in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans using established methodologies, novel techniques, and cross-disciplinary ocean observations as recommended by SCOR WG154 (
Boss et al., 2020
). This research team includes NOAA/OAR/AOML, NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, University of Maine, University of California at Irvine, Oregon State University, Old Dominion University, Mississippi State University, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Specifically, this project will quantify the molecular diversity, size spectrum, chemical composition, and abundances of plankton communities across large spatial, vertical, and eventually temporal scales through systematic, high quality, and calibrated sampling of genomics, transcriptomics, plankton imaging and cytometry, pigments (in situ and also used for calibration/validation of ocean color satellite sensors), particle chemistry, and optical techniques as operational oceanographic tools.
For more information, visit
biogoship.org
and supporting research:
Larkin, A.A., Garcia, C.A., Garcia, N.
et al.
High spatial resolution global ocean metagenomes from Bio-GO-SHIP repeat hydrography transects.
Sci Data
8, 107 (2021).
doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00889-9
Lucas J. Ustick, Alyse A. Larkin, Catherine A. Garcia, et al. Metagenomic analysis reveals global-scale patterns of ocean nutrient limitation. Science 16 Apr 2021:Vol. 372, Issue 6539, pp. 287-291
DOI: 10.1126/science.abe6301
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CCE-1 Moored Buoy Rescued Days After Breaking From Anchor - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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CCE-1 Moored Buoy Rescued Days After Breaking From Anchor
Jessica Mkitarian
July 8, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
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CCE-1 Moored Buoy Rescued Days After Breaking From Anchor
On June 6, it was discovered that the GOMO and OAP co-funded
California Current Ecosystem (CCE-1)
surface mooring broke away from its anchor. This mooring is typically recovered and redeployed annually, but due to COVID-19 setbacks, it had exceeded its one year station. The mooring is normally located in the core of the California Current about 200 km (110 nautical miles) offshore of Pt. Conception in a water depth of 4,000 meters. Since breaking from its anchor, the mooring drifted approximately 70 nautical miles to the south and 260 nautical miles offshore of San Diego. Working swiftly, Dr. Uwe Send and his team at Scripps Institution of Oceanography chartered the
M/V Merlin
(home port, San Diego) to mount a rescue mission to retrieve the buoy.
By June 11, the buoy was safely onboard the ship and on the morning of June 12, the buoy and associated instrumentation were safely back in San Diego.
This is a significant achievement, even for non-COVID-19 times. For other mooring breakages, it can take months before a drifting buoy can be recovered.
Dr. Uwe Send and his team at Scripps have operated this mooring since deployment in fall 2008. Since that time, the mooring has hosted a number of instruments measuring both atmospheric and oceanic variables throughout the water column; in particular, measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), wind, temperature, humidity, precipitation, irradiance in the atmosphere and temperature, salinity, surface seawater pCO2, dissolved oxygen, pH, currents, point and integrated measures of phytoplankton chlorophyll content over the euphotic zone, and nitrate supply in the ocean below. Some of these sensors are contributed by
NOAA’s PMEL Carbon Program
providing critical observations in support of the
NOAA Ocean Acidification Observing Network
(NOA-ON). In addition, the buoy hosts instrumentation for active-acoustic observations of zooplankton and fish biomass from the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center. The measurements contribute and work in partnership with other long-term studies in the region, namely the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (
CalCOFI
), the California Current Ecosystem Long-Term Ecological Research (
CCE-LTER
) program, the California Underwater Glider Network, and SCCOOS. We are sincerely grateful to the flexible and professional operators and crew of M/V Merlin and Dr. Send and his team for a remarkably successful mission.
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PIRATA Research Cruise Continues Tropical Atlantic Ocean-Atmosphere Monitoring - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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PIRATA Research Cruise Continues Tropical Atlantic Ocean-Atmosphere Monitoring
Jessica Mkitarian
March 24, 2021
Monitoring Platforms
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PIRATA Research Cruise Continues Tropical Atlantic Ocean-Atmosphere Monitoring
On February 24, 2021, the
Ronald H. Brown
ship arrived in Key West, Florida after completing a long awaited research cruise to service the
Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) Northeast Extension (PNE).
The cruise was led by Dr. Greg Foltz as Chief Scientist, and included researchers from NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), and NOAA Cooperative Institutes.
At 41 days, this was the longest and most remote cruise on a NOAA ship since the NOAA fleet was called home due to the Covid-19 pandemic. During the cruise, four PNE buoys and one Brazilian PIRATA mooring were replaced, and one French mooring was serviced (see map). Sixty-one
CTD cast
profiles of the water column, from the surface to 1500-meters depth, were conducted along the ship’s track to measure temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, seawater pressure and density, and velocity. Twelve
Argo floats
were also deployed.
Throughout the cruise, a group from Virginia Union University measured atmospheric aerosols and gases in support of
AEROSE
(Aerosols and Ocean Science Expeditions), and a team from Fearless Fund, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and NOAA, conducted
research on
Sargassum
,
a type of floating brown algae commonly known as seaweed.
PIRATA consists of
18 open-ocean moorings
and is a collaborative effort between Brazil, France, and the United States to study and improve predictability of ocean-atmosphere interactions that affect regional weather and climate variability on seasonal, interannual, and longer time scales. Measurements from the four PNE moorings are valuable for conducting empirical heat budget analyses, which diagnose the causes of sea surface temperature variability, and are also useful for validating models and improving tropical weather and hurricane situational awareness for forecasters at NOAA’s National Hurricane Center. This cruise was originally scheduled for June 2020 but was canceled because of the Covid-19 pandemic. As a result, the moorings were in the water almost 12 months beyond their expected lifetimes. PNE is part of the U.S. contribution to PIRATA and is a joint effort between NOAA’s PMEL, AOML, and funded through the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program.
Thanks to the AOML PIRATA team for providing information on this cruise.
Save the Date: PIRATA-24/TAV Meeting – May 10-14, 2021 Virtual
The 24th Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic /Tropical Atlantic Variability Meeting will be held virtually this year, from May 10-14, 2021. The PIRATA/TAV meeting is held approximately once per year and welcomes participants from around the world.
Learn more about this upcoming meeting and register here.
The ship's deck crew, PMEL's mooring technicians, and AOML volunteers deploy the PIRATA buoy at 15°N, 38°W.
Cruise track with starting port (green circle) and end port (red circle). Symbols show locations of moorings that were recovered, deployed, and serviced, ocean profiles from CTD casts, nutrient samples, and Argo deployments.
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Drifting KEO Mooring Successfully Recovered - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Drifting KEO Mooring Successfully Recovered
Jessica Mkitarian
August 5, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
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Drifting KEO Mooring Successfully Recovered
July 21, 2020
On July 21, 2020 the surface mooring at the
Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO)
, which broke away from its anchor on May 19, was recovered by the Japanese charter ship, Kaiyo. Despite being caught in eddies and an ocean jet, the drifting KEO buoy, its sensor suite and nearly 8 kilometers of mooring line was brought onboard. This mission relied on a large contingent for its success, including funding from GOMO, NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), partners at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), and the Kaiyo Captain and crew. Read more about this surface mooring rescue and the KEO station on
PMEL’s website
.
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Global Drifter Program partners with the National Data Buoy Center to support US Navy-funded Deployments - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Global Drifter Program partners with the National Data Buoy Center to support US Navy-funded Deployments
Jessica Mkitarian
July 8, 2020
Monitoring Platforms
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Global Drifter Program partners with the National Data Buoy Center to support US Navy-funded Deployments
For many years, the
Global Drifter Program
’s (GDP) drifter operations center at NOAA/AOML has partnered with the National Weather Service’s
National Data Buoy Center
(NDBC) to coordinate drifter deployments during TAO and DART operations. These deployments help the operation center maintain a distributed global array of GDP drifters for improved weather prediction and ocean monitoring. Recently, GOMO and the GDP extended this collaboration to support deployment of US Navy-purchased commercial
Spotter drifters
alongside GDP drifters, on the upcoming NDBC TAO/DART mooring servicing cruise of the R/V Discovery.
NOAA’s GDP has benefited from Navy-sponsored drifter deployments and development opportunities, and the program is happy to help further this collaboration and expand opportunities. Most recently, an Office of Naval Research-funded cruise deployed GDP
Directional Wave Spectra Drifters
off Iceland, delivering critical data in real time to NOAA operational centers.
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Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream - Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing

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Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream
Jessica Mkitarian
January 9, 2020
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO)
,
Monitoring Platforms
,
News
Drifting Buoys Help Scientists Study Waves in the Gulf Stream
On Saturday, December 14, 2019, two drifting buoys were deployed off
OceanX’s Alucia
ship in Miami to follow the Gulf Stream and track important ocean health and maritime safety conditions. Three more drifters are set to be deployed off the 184 foot research vessel over the next few weeks as it navigates to Lisbon, Portugal.
Ocean surface drifting buoys, also called drifters, measure sea surface temperature, wind, and atmospheric pressure.  The drifters currently being deployed from the Alucia also measure the period, height, and direction of surface waves. These
Directional Wave Spectra Drifters
are the first of their kind and the only observing tools in the open ocean measuring these physical properties of waves. There are currently about 100 of these wave drifters out of a total 1500 drifters of all types in the global array that is largely supported by NOAA Research. Data collected by drifters is sent in real-time via the
Global Telecommunication System
and helps researchers with models that predict oceanic trends, changing climate, and weather events such as hurricanes.
The five drifters on the Alucia will be deployed in the Gulf Stream, a powerful Western boundary current that transports heat from south to north in the Atlantic. The Gulf Stream influences temperatures and climate on the east coast of Florida and western European countries. Many countries depend on the Gulf Stream to transport goods, which makes this a prime location to study waves as they impact ship navigation and maritime safety.
Drifting buoys are part of NOAA’s
Global Drifter Program
, a joint program between NOAA and
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
at the University of California, San Diego. The Directional Wave Spectra Drifters were developed by the
Lagrangian Drifter Lab
at Scripps. Since their development, about 100 have been deployed in the ocean. Each year, NOAA deploys about 1000 drifters to maintain a global array of 1500 drifting buoys. In October 2018, five drifters were
deployed in front of Hurricane Michael
to help with hurricane forecast research.
The Global Drifter Program (GDP) is the largest component of the Global Surface Drifting Buoy Array, a branch of NOAA’s
Global Ocean Observing System
, supported by the
Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division
of NOAA Research. GDP is also a scientific project of the
Data Buoy Cooperation Panel
, an international program coordinating the use of autonomous data buoys to observe atmospheric and oceanographic conditions over ocean areas where few other measurements are taken. Over the last four decades, this program has supported the deployments of nearly 20,000 drifters.
For near real time data, check out Scripps’
drifter tracker
page.
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Silver Spring, MD 20910
gomo@noaa.gov
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By subscribing to this newsletter I acknowledge NOAA's privacy policy
ABOUT US
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations and information in support of research, monitoring, and prediction.
NOAA LINKS
NOAA Privacy Statement
Web Accessibility Statement
Disclaimer for External Links
NOAA
CONTACT US
U.S. Department of Commerce
USA.gov
FOIA
NOAA Research
Customer Satisfaction Survey